| 释义 |
▪ I. cake, n.|keɪk|
Also 4 kaak, 4–6 kake, 6 Sc. caik.
[ME. kake, cake, 13th c., identical with, and prob. a. ON. kaka fem. (mod.Icel. and Sw. kaka, Da. kage) in same sense, pointing to an OTeut. *kakâ-. An ablaut-derivative from the same root kak- is OHG. chuohho (MHG. kuoche, Ger. kuche), MLG. kôke, MDu. coeke (Du. koek), all masc., pointing to a WGer. *kôkon-. The ulterior history is unknown, but the stem (Aryan type *gag-) can in no way be related to L. coquĕre to cook, as formerly supposed.]
1. As name of an object, with plural: A baked mass of bread or substance of similar kind, distinguished from a loaf or other ordinary bread, either by its form or by its composition:
a. orig. A comparatively small flattened sort of bread, round, oval, or otherwise regularly shaped, and usually baked hard on both sides by being turned during the process.
c1230Hali Meid. 37 Hire cake bearneð o þe stan. c1325E.E. Allit. P. B. 635 Þrwe þryftyly þer-on þo þre þerue kakez. 1382Wyclif 1 Sam. ii. 36 That..he offre a silueren peny, and a round kaak of breed. 1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xvii. lxvii. (1495) 643 Some brede is bake and tornyd and wende at fyre and is callyd..a cake. 1483Cath. Angl. 51 A Cake, torta, tortula. 1530Palsgr. 202/2 Cake of fyne floure made in a print of yron, gavfre. 1542Boorde Introd. Knowl. xxvii. 194 A peny worth of whyte bread..ix. kakys for a peny; and a kake serued me a daye. 1611Bible Ex. xii. 39 They baked vnleauened cakes. ― Hosea vii. 8 Ephraim is a cake not turned. 1685Baxter Paraphr. N.T. Mark viii. 4 Their Loaves then were but like our Cakes, by the custom of breaking them. 1719De Foe Crusoe (1840) I. v. 97, I..reduced myself to one biscuit-cake a day. 1879Froude Cæsar xxii. 381 They made cakes out of roots, ground into paste and mixed with milk. Mod. King Alfred and the cakes.
b. In Scotland (parts of Wales, and north of England), spec. a thin hard-baked brittle species of oaten-bread. Hence the name Land of Cakes (i.e. of oaten bread), applied (originally in banter) to Scotland, or the Scottish Lowlands.
a1572Knox Hist. Ref. (1732) 42 (Jam.) That winter following sa nurturit the Frenche men, that they leirnit to eit, yea, to beg caikis, quhilk at their entry they scornit. 1620Venner Via Recta i. 17 Of Oates in Wales, and some of the Northerne shires of England, they make bread, especially in manner of Cakes. 1669Sir R. Moray in Lauderdale Papers (1885) II. cxiv. 171 If you do not come out of the land of cakes before New Year's day. 1715Pennecuick's Tweeddale Note 89 (Jam.) The oat-cake, known by the sole appellative of cake, is the bread of the cottagers. c1730Burt Lett. N. Scotl. (1818) II. 164 The Lowlanders call their part of the country the land of cakes. 1789Burns Capt. Grose i, Hear, Land o' Cakes, and brither Scots. 1864A. McKay Hist. Kilmarnock 113 With abundance of cakes. Mod. Country children in Scotland still ‘seek their cakes’ on Hogmanay or ‘Cake-day’. Among the rimes used, one hears ‘My feet's cauld, my shoon's thin, Gie's my cakes, and let's rin.’
c. In England, cakes (in sense a) have long been treated as fancy bread, and sweetened or flavoured; hence, the current sense:
A composition having a basis of bread, but containing additional ingredients, as butter, sugar, spices, currants, raisins, etc. At first, this was a cake also in form, but it is no longer necessarily so, being now made of any serviceable, ornamental, or fanciful shape; e.g. a tea-, plum-, wedding-cake, etc.
c1420Liber Cocorum (1862) 50 Geder hit [the eggs, tansy and butter, for a tansy cake] on a cake..With platere of tre, and frye hit browne. 1577J. Northbrooke Dicing (1843) 100 His mother left bringing of wine and cakes to the church. 1683Tryon Way to Health 233 Observe the composition of Cakes, which are frequently eaten..In them there are commonly Flour, Butter, Eggs, Milk, Fruit, Spice, Sugar, Sack, Rose-Water and Sweet-Meats, as Citron, or the like. 1710Addison Tatler No. 220 ⁋8 Banbury..was a Place famous for Cakes and Zeal. 1816Southey Poet's Pilgr. i. 44 Assche for water and for cakes renown'd. 1841Lane Arab. Nts. I. 71 Sweet cakes, or biscuits, of an annular form. Mod. At the conclusion of the ceremony each child was regaled with a cake. To buy a cake for the christening.
2. As a substance, without plural: Fancy bread of the kind mentioned in 1 c. (In Scotland, plain oatmeal bread of the kind mentioned in 1 b.)
1579Fulke Confut. Sanders 591 The last answere is as good as cake and pudding. 1633B. Jonson T. Tub ii. i. (N.) If he ha' cake And drink enough, he need not vear [fear] his stake. Mod. Little boys are fond of cake. To buy a pound of cake at the confectioner's. To send wedding-cake to friends at a distance. No cards; no cake.
3. Applied to other preparations of food, not of the nature of bread, made in the form of a rounded flattened mass; e.g. a fish-cake, potato-cake, pan-cake. (The last named has the characteristics of a cake in the original sense, except that it is cooked soft, eaten hot, and is reckoned not as bread, but as a kind of pudding).
4. a. A mass or concretion of any solidified or compressed substance in a flattened form, as a cake of soap, wax, paint, dry clay, coagulated blood, tobacco, etc. See also ague-cake, elf-cake.
1528Test. Ebor. (Surtees) V. 267, ij cakes of wax. 1597Langham Gard. Health (1633) 2 Vse it..in thy potage to heale the elfe cake. 1587Fleming Contn. Holinshed III. 1368/1 Their cakes of waxe which they call Agnus Dei. 1626Bacon Sylva §552 A Cake that groweth upon the side of a dead tree..large and of a Chesnut colour, and hard and pithy. 1665Phil. Trans. I. 36 It [earth] soon melted and became a Cake in the bottom. 1799G. Smith Laborat. I. 122 Take it [the enamel] off the fire, make it into cakes, and preserve it for use. 1833Marryat P. Simple iv, Four cakes of Windsor, and two bars of yellow for washing. 1884Manch. Exam. 29 Feb. 5/3 A parcel of cakes of dynamite.
b. fig.
1872Bagehot Physics & Pol. (1876) 27 To create what may be called a cake of custom. 1879H. George Progr. & Pov. x. i. (1881) 433 A body or ‘cake’ of laws and customs grows up.
c. A substance (such as cotton-seed, linseed, etc.) compressed in a flat form and used for feeding cattle, etc. Freq. with defining word, as cotton-cake, linseed cake. Also attrib. and Comb.
1757[see oilcake]. 1833Niles' Reg. XLIV. 222/1 The cake is the very best food for stock. a1884Knight Dict. Mech. Suppl. 152 Cake grinder, a machine for breaking linseed oil cake for food for stock. 1886R. E. G. Cole Gloss. S.W. Lincs. 24 Cake, usual term for the Linseed Cake, used for fattening cattle. Some men run up a great cäek bill their last year. 1894Country Gentleman's Catal. 14/2 A few acres of autumn cabbage will maintain and fatten, with the aid of corn or cake, of course, a large flock of sheep. 1907Yesterday's Shopping (1969) 57 Patent Meat Fibrine Vegetable Dog Cakes... Patent Cod Liver Oil Dog Cakes. 1916E. Blunden Barn 20 The smell of apples..And homely cattle-cake. 1960Farmer & Stockbreeder 26 Jan. 92/3 Those ewes whose body weights were maintained..by cake-feeding. Ibid., The cake-fed ewes.
d. In the manufacture of artificial silk: (see quots.).
1927T. Woodhouse Artificial Silk 42 An annular package of yarn is gradually built up by the succeeding layers of yarn. This annular package is called a ‘cake’. 1963A. J. Hall Textile Sci. ii. 46 Fibres..are collected into the form of a thread F to be drawn over rotating Godet wheel B and fall down into the rotating centrifugal Topham pot T to be built up inside as a ball or ‘cake’.
5. Heraldry. A bearing resembling the bezant; a roundel.
1486Bk. St. Albans, Her. C iij b, Besantys and lytill cakys differ not bot in colore, for besanttis be euer of golden coloure.
6. dial. and slang. A foolish or stupid fellow.
1785Grose Dict. Vulgar Tongue, Cake or Cakey, a foolish fellow. 1847–78in Halliwell. 1877Peacock N. Linc. Gloss. (E.D.S.) Cake, a silly person, especially one fat and sluggish. 1881Evans Leicester. Was., Cake, a noodle.
7. a. Cake is often used figuratively in obvious allusion to its estimation (esp. by children) as a ‘good thing’, the dainty, delicacy, or ‘sweets’ of a repast. So cakes and ale, cake and cheese (Scotl.). to take the cake, († U.S. cakes): to carry off the honours, rank first; often used ironically or as an expression of surprise. Cf. biscuit 1 d.
1579[see 2]. 1601Shakes. Twel. N. ii. iii. 124 Dost thou thinke because thou art vertuous, there shall be no more Cakes and Ale? 1606Day Ile of Gulls iii. i. (1881) 68 That's Cake and Cheese to the Countrie. 1847W. T. Porter Quarter Race Kentucky 120 They got up a horse and fifty dollars in money a side,..each one to start and ride his own horse,..the winning horse take the cakes. 1854Blackw. Mag. LXXVI. 702 Malcolm is, par excellence, the ‘cake’ of the corps dramatique. 1884Lisbon (Dakota) Star 25 July, Sherriff Moore takes the cake for the first wheat-harvesting in Ransom county. 1886Garden 5 June 519/1 The gardener's life, as a rule, is not all ‘cakes and ale’. 1886Pall Mall G. 2 Sept. 5/1 As a purveyor of light literature..Mr. Norris takes the cake. 1900T. Dreiser Sister Carrie xxiii. 249 Pack up and pull out, eh? You take the cake. 1904A. Bennett Great Man xxv. 275 My bold buccaneer, you take the cake... There is something about you that is colossal, immense, and magnificent. 1938G. Heyer Blunt Instr. ix. 158 I've met some kill-joys in my time, but you fairly take the cake.
b. In phrases, as the national cake, or, allusively, (the) cake, the assets or proceeds of a national, etc., economy, regarded collectively as something to be shared out.
1750Earl of Holdernesse in Ellis Orig. Lett. ii. 466 IV. 390 If I stay in [office], I must now have my share of the Cake. 1949New Statesman 22 Oct. 443/2 A general free fight between capital and labour for their respective shares of the national cake. 1957Listener 8 Aug. 188/1 German labour may be about to demand a larger slice of the recovery cake. 1958Engineering 28 Mar. 391/1 They [sc. trade unions] have for long thought that their job of getting more of the cake out of employers included advising on how to increase the cake.
c. Colloq. phr. a piece of cake: something easy or pleasant.
1936O. Nash Primrose Path 172 Her picture's in the papers now, And life's a piece of cake. 1942T. Rattigan Flare Path 1, Special. Very hush-hush. Not exactly a piece of cake, I believe. 1943P. Brennan et al. Spitfires over Malta i. 31 The mass raids promised to be a piece of cake, and we anticipated taking heavy toll of the raiders. 1960T. McLean Kings of Rugby 205 They took the field against Canterbury as if the match were ‘a piece of cake’.
8. Proverbs. you can't eat your cake and have it (see quots.). one's cake is dough: one's project has failed of success. every cake has its make, mate, or fellow (north. dial. and Sc.).
1562J. Heywood Prov. & Epigr. (1867) 79 What man, I trow ye raue, Wolde ye bothe eate your cake, and haue your cake? 1563Becon Displ. Popish Mass in Wks. III. f. xlviii, Or ells your Cake is dough & al your fatte lye in the fyre. 1596Shakes. Tam. Shr. i. i. 110 Our cake's dough on both sides. Farewell. 1641D. Ferguson Scot. Prov. in Ray Prov. (1670) 293 There was never a cake, but it had a make. 1678Ray Prov. 68 Every cake hath its make, but a scrape-cake hath two. 1687Settle Reflect. Dryden 4 She is sorry his cake is dough, and that he came not soon enough to speed. 1708Motteux Rabelais iv. vi, You shall have rare Sport anon, if my Cake ben't Dough, and my Plot do but take. 1711Shaftesbury Charac. (1737) I. 130 As ridiculous as the way of children, who eat their cake, and afterwards cry for it..They shou'd be told, as children, that they can't eat their cake, and have it. 1815Wellington Let. in Gurw. Disp. XII. 589 Our own government also..having got their cake, want both to eat it and keep it. 1860[see dough n. 1 b]. 1934J. Farnol Winds of Fortune v. 31 Thy cake's dough, eh, Japhet; art cheated o' thy dear vengeance, lad!
9. Comb.
a. (senses 1, 2), as cake-basket, cake-bowl, cake-cutter, cake-maker, cake-making, cake-man, cake-mould, cake-plate, cake-stall, cake-stand;
b. (sense 4), as cake-colour, cake-copper, cake-ink, cake-lac, cake-soap;
c. adjs., as cake-bearing, cake-like;
d. cake-eater U.S. slang, a self-indulgent or effeminate man; a playboy; † cake-fiddler, cake-fumbler, a parasite; cake-hole slang, a person's mouth; cake-meal, ‘linseed meal obtained by grinding the cake after the expression of the oil’ (Syd. Soc. Lex.); cake-mix, the prepared ingredients of a cake sold ready for cooking; cake-mixer (see quot. a 1877); cake-tin, (a) a tin in which cakes are baked; (b) a tin in which cakes are stored; cake-urchin, a popular name for Echinoderms of a discoid shape. See also cake-bread, -house.
1805in Mrs. E. S. Bowne Life (1888) 205, 1 plated *Cake Basket silver rims. 1956G. Taylor Silver vii. 145 The many elaborately pierced cake-baskets.
1667Phil. Trans. II. 510 As in all *Cake-bearing (called..Placentifera), and in all Kernel-bearing (called Glandulifera) or Ruminating Animals.
1874Mrs. Whitney We Girls ii. 43 A *cake-bowl in one hand, and an egg-beater in the other.
1806–7J. Beresford Miseries Hum. Life (1826) iii. xxxvi, Rubbing..*cake colours in a very smooth saucer. 1859Gullick & Timbs Paint. 294 The pigments are prepared..as dry cake colours, as moist colours in earthenware pans..and in metal collapsible tubes.
1803Hatchett Phil. Trans. XCIII. 90 note, The fine granulated copper is made in this country from the Swedish *cake-copper. 1881Raymond Mining Gloss., Cake-copper, Tough cake, refined or commercial copper.
1845E. Acton Mod. Cookery xi. 261 Croutons..stamped out..with a round or fluted paste or *cake cutter.
1922Daily Ardmoreite (Ardmore, Okla.) 6 Jan. 10/4 He calls us ‘lounge lizards, tea drinkers, *cake eaters and all that’.
1513Douglas æneis, Transl. to Rdr. 75, I am na *cayk fydlar [1553 *caik fumler], full weil ye knawe.
1943Hunt & Pringle Service Slang 20 *Cake hole, the airman's name for his or anyone else's mouth. 1959I. & P. Opie Lore & Lang. Schoolchildren x. 194 Shut your cake-hole.
1704Lond. Gaz. No. 4022/4 The Universal *Cake-Ink.
1883Cassell's Fam. Mag. Oct. 686/1 The sediment..is formed into small, square cakes..known as lac-dye, or *cake-lac.
1835Todd Cycl. Anat. & Phys. I. 764/2 The *cake-like organ..which covers the ear.
1591Percivall Sp. Dict., Turronero, a *cakemaker, pistor placentarius.
1824Miss Mitford Village Ser. i. (1863) 221 The preservings, the picklings, the *cake-makings.
1832Ibid. Ser. v. (1863) 410 We turned off our old stupid deaf *cakeman.
[1938Fiene & Blumenthal Handbook Food Manuf. 332 Sponge *cake mix.] 1950Canad. Home Jrnl. Jan. 24 The cake-mix... The package which would yield the principal makings for a good cake. 1957Which? I. i. 15/1 Packaged cake-mixes are undoubtedly time-and-labour-saving.
a1877Knight Dict. Mech. I. 422/2 *Cake-mixer, a device for incorporating together the ingredients of cake, etc. 1906Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 1 Jan. 5/5 Come down to 80 Douglas street and get..a Cake Mixer (it whips cream, beats eggs and mixes cake).
c1865Circ. Sc. I. 343/1 Inspissated juice..poured into..*cake-moulds.
1867A. D. T. Whitney L. Goldthwaite x, *Cake-plates were garnished with wreathed oak-leaves.
1607Topsell Four-f. Beasts 305 Dissolve therein one ounce of *Cake-sope.
1877A. B. Edwards Up Nile i. 5 The old Turk who sets up his *cake-stall in the sculptured recess of a Moorish doorway.
1851J. J. Hooper Widow Rugby's Husb. 106 Here he went..clearing an old woman and her *cake-stand at a jump. 1895Montgomery Ward Catal. 533/3 China Fruit or Cake Stand..measure[s] 12 inches across and 5½ inches high. 1903A. Bennett Leonora iii. 80 A cakestand in three storeys. 1953G. Greene Living Room i. i, A cake-stand with bread-and-butter on one level and a plum cake on another. 1963Times 25 May 6/1 He described the ‘cake stand’ of ministerial hierarchy—chocolate biscuits on top, cream buns underneath, and buttered scones at the bottom.
1846‘A Lady’ Jewish Manual Cookery vii. 139 Put the apples into an oval *cake tin. 1906E. Nesbit Railway Children ii. 24 In the pantry there was only a rusty cake-tin and a broken plate. 1965‘T. Hinde’ Games of Chance ii. i. 155 I'd..been relieved to find in the cake-tin that yesterday's Swiss roll had only been reduced by three inches.
▪ II. cake, v.|keɪk|
[f. prec. n.]
1. a. trans. To form or harden into a cake or flattish compact mass: also fig. (Chiefly pass.)
1607Shakes. Timon ii. ii. 225 Their blood is cak'd: 'tis cold, it sildome flowes. 1708J. C. Compl. Collier (1845) 17 Turn it over after it is Caked, it will again burn brisk. 1719De Foe Crusoe i. (1840) 98 It [a Barrel of Gun-powder] had taken Water, and the Powder was cak'd as hard as a Stone. 1848–77M. Arnold Sohrab & R. Poems (1877) I. 115 The big warm tears roll'd down, and caked the sand.
b. To encrust or cover thickly with. Usu. pass.
1922W. Cather One of Ours iii. viii. 233 Claude came downstairs early and began to clean his boots, which were caked with dry mud. 1957‘R. West’ Fountain Overflows xv. 328 She held up to us some lengths of string, some of them joined by knots caked with red sealing-wax. 1966D. Bagley Wyatt's Hurricane ix. 248 Wyatt looked at the others—they were caked with sticky mud from head to foot and he looked down at himself to find the same. 1977P. L. Fermor Time of Gifts iii. 56 With freezing cheeks and hair caked with snow, I clumped into an entrancing haven of oak beams and carving and alcoves and changing floor levels.
2. intr. (for refl.). To form (itself) into a cake or flattened mass. Const. together.
1615H. Crooke Body of Man 88 Lead as soone as it is taken off the fire..caketh together. 1622Malynes Anc. Law-Merch. 49 Coale..such as will not cake or knit in the burning. 1719De Foe Crusoe (1840) I. xii. 212 The powder..caking and growing hard. 1814Sir H. Davy Agric. Chem. 183 The stiff clays..in dry weather..cake, and present only a small surface to the air.
3. trans. To feed (cattle, etc.) on cake (see cake n. 4 c). Also absol.
1851Jrnl. R. Agric. Soc. XII. ii. 334 Many farmers cake their hogs on the turnips. 1889E. Peacock Gloss. Manley (ed. 2) I. 626 Cake, to feed cattle with linseed or cotton cake. I alus caake my yohs e' winter as well as th' hogs. 1904Kipling They (1905) 71 You've sixty-seven [bullocks] and you don't cake. |
