| 释义 |
criterion|kraɪˈtɪərɪən|
Pl. criteria; less commonly -ons.
[a. Gr. κριτήριον a means for judging, test, standard, f. κριτής judge. In 17th c. often written in Gr. letters.]
†a. An organ, faculty or instrument of judging.
1647H. More Poems Pref., Wits that have..so crusted and made hard their inward κριτήριον by over-much and trivial wearing it. 1678Cudworth Intell. Syst. 23 According to Empedocles, the Criterion of Truth is not Sense but Right Reason.
b. A test, principle, rule, canon, or standard, by which anything is judged or estimated.
1622Bp. Hall Serm. 15 Sept. Wks. (1627) 490 All the false κριτηρια that vse to beguile the iudgment of man. 1661Fuller Worthies i. 129 The moving hereof [a statue] was made the Criterion of womens chastity. 1768Blackstone Comm. III. 330 Some mode of probation or trial, which the law of the country has ordained for a criterion of truth and falshood. 1788A. Hughes Henry & Isab. I. 17 Regular uniformity and the straight line were the criterions of taste and beauty. 1795Fate of Sedley I. 168 Lord Stokerland [is] the criterion of gallantry and politeness. 1856Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) I. i. 18 We have no criterion by which, in these matters, degrees of good and evil admit of being measured.
†c. A distinguishing mark or characteristic attaching to a thing, by which it can be judged or estimated. Obs.
1613Jackson Creed i. v. Wks. I. 37 This sincerity in teaching..is the true κριτήριον or touchstone, the livery or cognizance of a man speaking by the Spirit of God. 1678Gale Crt. Gentiles III. 138 Take these Criteria or distinctive notes of Durandisme.
▸ criterion-referenced adj. assessed by reference to an independent, absolute criterion; spec. (of a test or examination) that measures an individual's performance based on a predefined standard, rather than relative to the performance of others; cf. norm-referenced adj.
1963R. Glaser in Amer. Psychologist 18 519/2 What I shall call *criterion-referenced measures depend upon an absolute standard of quality, while what I term norm-referenced measures depend upon a relative standard. 1975G. G. Unruh Responsive Curriculum Devel. x. 207 Student needs may be assessed through interviews,..normative tests, criterion referenced tests, and other opportunities. 2007Biloxi (Mississippi) Sun Herald (Nexis) 30 Sept. a18 To be eligible, students must have scored at the 95th percentile or better on..the state criterion-referenced test.
▸ criterion-referencing n. the use of criterion-referenced tests or examinations (cf. norm-referencing n.).
1971R. E. Snow in D. W. Allen & E. Seifman Teacher's Handbk. iii. xi. 256/2 *Criterion referencing attempts to specify more concretely the nature of each student's knowledge or skill. 2006Daily Tel. (Nexis) 21 Aug. 2 In many ways, criterion-referencing seems ‘fairer’ than norm-referencing. |
