| 释义 |
▪ I. burr, bur, n.1|bɜː(r)|
Also 7 burgh, 6–7 burre.
[Derivation obscure: nor is it at all clear whether the senses under II and III ought not to be treated as separate words. But the co-existence of the form burrow n.5 (q.v.) with burr sense 5, and its explanation as ‘a circle about the moon’, seem to identify this with the burwhe, burrowe of the Promptorium, the phonetic variants being analogous to fur, furrow; while the form burgh, besides burre, as well as the sense of II, appears equally to point back to the same ME. forms. For the source of the ME. see brough.]
I.
1. General sense: A circle.
c1440Promp. Parv. 56 Burwhe, sercle [1499 burrowe], orbiculus.
II. A (? protecting) ring, etc.
†2. A broad iron ring on a tilting spear just behind the place for the hand. Obs.
c1530Ld. Berners Arth. Lyt. Bryt. (1814) 327 Squyers and varlettes were..knockynge on hedes and burres on myghtye speres. 1603Florio Montaigne ii. xxxvii. (1632) 427 Burre, or yron of a launce, etc. 1611Dekker & Middleton Roar. Girl ii. i, I'll try one spear..though it prove too short by the burgh. 1610J. Guillim Heraldry iv. xiv. (1660) 338 The Burre..is a broad ring of Iron behind the..place made for the hand, which Burre is brought unto the Rest when the Tilter chargeth his Speare or Staffe.
3. A washer placed on the small end of a rivet before the end is swaged down; also (Gunnery) see quot. 1802.
1627Feltham Resolves ii. xxix. Wks. (1677) 218 A brawl..which with all the burrs of silence should have still stood firmly riveted. 1802C. James Milit. Dict., Bur [in Gunnery], a round iron ring, which serves to rivet the end of the bolt, so as to form a round head. 1851Ord. & Regul. Roy. Engineers §11. 51 Leather Pipes, joined by Copper Rivets and Burs. 1860H. Stuart Seaman's Catech. 5 Bolt and burr.
4. (See burr-pump.)
III. 5. A circle of light round the moon (or a star); a brough. The original sense seems to have been merely ‘circle, halo’; but in modern use there is usually the notion of a nebulous or nimbous disc of light enfolding the luminary; as if modified by association with bur n.
1631R. Brathwait Whimzies, Xantipp. 104 A burre about the moone is..a presage of a tempest. 1794G. Adams Nat. & Exp. Philos. IV. lii. 463 The stars seem..surrounded with a sort of burs. 1802Herschel in Phil. Trans. XCII. 499 Of Stars with Burs, or Stellar Nebulæ. 1851Nichol Archit. Heav. 128 The halo itself gradually sinking into a bur, or an atmosphere around a star.
▪ II. burr, bur, n.2|bɜː(r)|
[Origin unknown.]
The sweet-bread of a calf, sheep, etc.
1573Art of Limning 10 To take grease out of parchement or paper: Take shepes burres and burne them to pouder, etc. 1730–6Bailey s.v., The Bur of a Beef, etc., the sweet bread. 1752Hist. Pompey the Litt. 125 Sitting down to a breast of veal..raving at the landlord, because the bur was gone. 1834E. Copley Housekpr's. Guide v. 107 A sweet-bread (or burr)..boiled.
▪ III. burr, bur, n.3
[Etymol. uncertain. Though the sense approaches that of bore n.1, connexion with that appears to be phonetically impossible. Mr. E. B. Poulton suggests that the general notion is that of ‘a roughness or scar, which looks artificial or as if resulting from accident—the look presented by an ear (beyond any other organ of special sense) in birds, and other animals which have not the external pinna possessed by mammals’. This would connect it with the following word, or even with bur n.]
The external meatus of the ear, the opening leading to the tympanum.
(This is clear in quot. 1688, since hawks have nothing but an opening; so practically the cropt-eared dog in quot. 1677; quot. 1573 refers to the secretion of wax in the meatus of the ear, and (as was formerly supposed) in the parotid glands or ‘kernels of the ears’ (though it might be read as identifying the ‘burres’ with the ‘kirnels’). Dr. Johnson's explanation ‘the lobe or lap of the ear’ was an unfortunate guess, servilely followed by later dictionaries.)
1573Cooper Thesaurus, Parotis..an impostume behinde the eares comming of a matter distilling from the heade into the burres or kirnels of the eares. 1677Lond. Gaz. No. 1203/4 A Little White Shock Bitch..cropt ears..red above the burrs of her ears. 1688R. Holme Armoury ii. 237/1 Names of the parts of a Falcon—Of the Head..The Burrs, or Ear burs, are the Ears. 1730–6Bailey, Burr, the round Knob of Horn next a Deer's Head; also the Burr of the Ear. [Hence in Johnson.] 1857P. Cartwright Autob. (1858) viii. 46, I struck a sudden blow in the burr of the ear and dropped him to the earth. 1928P. Green In Valley 121, I whammed him in the burr of the ear and piled him. 1954C. L. B. Hubbard Compl. Dog Breeders' Man. xxxvi. 318 Burr, the irregular formation inside the ear.
▪ IV. burr, bur, n.4|bɜː(r)|
[app. the same word as bur n.; at least having some notion of roughness derived from it: but usually spelt burr, and therefore here treated apart.]
1. A rough ridge or edge left on metal or other substance after cutting, punching, etc.; e.g. the roughness produced on a copper-plate by the graver; the rough neck left on a bullet in casting; the ridge produced on paper, etc., by puncture.
1611Florio, Bocchina..that stalke or necke of a bullet which in the casting remaines in the necke of the mould, called of our Gunners the bur of the bullet. 1784E. Darwin in Phil. Trans. LXXV. 5 A bur made by forcing a bodkin through several parallel sheets of paper. 1837Whittock Bk. Trades (1842) 214 The scraper..for rubbing off the burr or barb raised by the graver on the copper plate. 1846Print. Appar. Amateurs 13 [In type-founding] when the waste piece of metal called the ‘break’ is broken off, the burr that is left is planed away. 1876Athenæum 25 Nov. 693/3 Burr..is caused by the tearing up of the copper by the needle or burin. A ragged edge is left which holds the ink and gives a rich velvety effect. 1879Cassell's Techn. Educ. IV. 117/2 A burr left at the hinder end of the thread [of a screw] which ‘ragged’ the wood.
2. Technical senses of obscure origin. [? With notion of ‘something rough’, or of ‘tool for removing roughness’.]
a. short for burr-chisel, burr-drill (also, a similar instrument used for surgical operations on the bones), burr-saw: see 3. Hence burr-hole, a hole made by such an instrument.
b. (See quot.).
1794Rigging & Seamanship I. 150 Burr, a triangular hollow chissel, used to clear the corners of mortises. 1833J. Holland Manuf. Metals II. 145 In the making of screws..workmen..use what they call a burr, or burring tool..The burr is a square piece of steel..having in the centre a hole screwed as accurately as possible with a square thread or worm. 1859J. Taft Pract. Treat. Operative Dentistry iv. 99 The burs and drills may be made of pieces of wire..and fitted to a socket handle. 1881C. A. Harris Princ. & Pract. Dentistry (ed. 10) iii. ii. 305 Dr. Forbes has adapted to enamel burrs, chisels and gouges an ingenious handle. 1899C. Truax Mech. Surgery xviii. 392 Surgical burrs..may be either olive shaped or in cylindrical form, the former being generally preferred. 1939Parfitt & Herbert Oper. Dental Surg. (ed. 4) ix. 125 The introduction of diamond burs in recent years has almost revolutionized cavity cutting. 1948E. H. Botterell in Brit. Surg. Practice II. 379 Bilateral burr holes are made in the mid-temporal region.
3. Comb. burr-chisel, a three-edged chisel used to clear the corners of mortises; burr-cutter, burr-nipper, nippers for cutting away the burr from a leaden bullet; burr-drill, a dentist's drill with a serrated or file-cut knob or head; burr-gauge, a plate perforated with holes of graduated sizes, for determining the sizes of burr-drills; burr-saw, a small circular saw used in turning.
[1850C. A. Harris Dental Surg. (ed. 4) iii. iii. 290 The flat and burr-headed drills are very useful for enlarging the opening into the cavity.] 1859J. Taft Pract. Treat. Operative Dentistry iv. 96 Bur Drills..should be manufactured of the best steel, and wrought with the greatest care.
▪ V. burr, bur, n.5|bɜː(r)|
Also buhr.
[Origin uncertain: possibly identical with bur n., being so called from its roughness.]
1. a. Siliceous rock capable of being employed for millstones. b. A whetstone.
1721C. King Brit. Merch. I. 288 Burrs for Mill-Stones. 1816W. Smith Strata Ident. 12 Burs, or scythe stones. 1834Amer. Jrnl. Sci. XXV. 233 Millstones equal to the best French buhrs. 1879Shropsh. Word-bk., Bur..a whetstone for scythes. 1880Jefferies Gt. Estate 168 The French burrs..come over in fragments.
2. A siliceous boss or rock occurring among calcareous, or other softer, formations; a harder part in any freestone.
1839Murchison Silur. Syst. i. iv. 49 Upright bands of hard sandstone, termed ‘Burrs’, which cut through the strata. 1865I. Turner Slate Quarries 16 Circular saws..are..unable to cut through ‘burrs’..and other hard places.
3. spec. A term applied by quarrymen in Dorsetshire to a soft sandy limestone, with hard silicified bosses, above the ‘Dirt bed’ in the Lower Purbeck series. Also to a harder sandy limestone chiefly made up of comminuted shells, in the Upper Purbeck beds.
1829T. Webster Observ. Purb. & Portland Beds, Trans. Geol. Soc. Ser. ii. II, Below this is another mass of calcareous stone, considerably softer..it is divided into two by a slaty bed, the upper being called aish, and the lower the soft burr. 1882Cornh. Mag. 728 Above this we get the soft burr, a lake sediment. 1883T. Bond Corfe Castle 51 The stone..locally known by the name of Bur, is perhaps the most durable building stone in England.
4. A partly fused mass of brick; a clinker.
1823P. Nicholson Pract. Build. 344 Burrs or Clinkers are such as are so much over-burnt as to vitrify, and run two or three together. 1864Daily Tel. 2 June, The advisability of sinking brick burrs in different parts of the river. 1876Gwilt Encycl. Archit. §1824 Burrs and clinkers are such bricks as have been violently burnt, or masses of several bricks run together in the clamp or kiln.
5. attrib.: see burr-stone. burr millstone (U.S.).
1771Washington Writings (1931) III. 63 A pair of French burr millstones. 1829S. Cumings Western Pilot 23 This..is famous for its quarries of stone; from which are manufactured burr mill stones. 1851C. Cist Cincinnati 182 James Bradford & Co...manufacture yearly seventy-five pairs burr millstones. 1883Specif. N.E. Railw. (Alnwick & Cornh. Branch) 58 Price of Dry or Burr Walling.
▪ VI. burr, n.6|bɜː(r), bʌrr|
Also burrh.
[app. imitative of the sound; though probably associated in idea with the roughness of a bur; cf. bur n., esp. sense 4, bur in the throat.]
1. A rough sounding of the letter r; spec. the rough uvular trill (= French r grasseyé) characteristic of the county of Northumberland, and found elsewhere as an individual peculiarity. (Writers ignorant of phonology often confuse the Northumberland burr with the entirely different Scotch r, which is a lingual trill: see quots. 1835, 1873.)
1760Foote Minor (1781) Introd. 9 An Aunt just come from the North, with the true NewCastle bur in her throat. 1805R. Forsyth Beauties Scotl. II. 57 From [the Tweed], southward as far as Yorkshire, universally all persons annex a guttural sound to the letter r; a practice which in some places receives the appellation of the Berwick burrh. 1835W. Irving Crayon Misc. (1849) 240 He spoke with a Scottish accent, and with somewhat of the Northumbrian ‘burr’. 1873J. A. H. Murray Dial. S. Scotl. 86 The northern limits of the burr are very sharply defined, there being no transitional sound between it and the Scotch r. Along the line of the Cheviots, the Scotch r has driven the burr a few miles back, perhaps because many of the farmers and shepherds are of Scotch origin. 1876Green Short Hist. i. §3 (1882) 25 The rough Northumbrian burr.
b. Hence, loosely, A rough or dialectal pronunciation, a peculiarity of utterance.
1849C. Brontë Shirley iv. 39 ‘A Yorkshire burr..was..much better than a cockney's lisp.’ Ibid. III. ii. 41 Your accent..has no rugged burr. 1867A. J. Ellis E.E. Pronunc. i. i. 19 Each district has its burr or brogue. 1874Farrar Christ II. lix. 348 Betrayed by his Galilæan burr.
2. [= birr n. 3.] Whirr, vibratory or rushing noise.
1818Keats Endym. ii. 138 Holding his forehead, to keep off the burr Of smothering fancies. 1825Coleridge Lett. xl. in Lett. Convers., &c. II. 177 Put the whole working hive of my thoughts in a whirl and a bur. 1856Miss Muloch J. Halifax i. 2 The open house-doors..through which came the drowsy burr of many a stocking-loom. 1860All Y. Round No. 57. 159 The burr of working wheels and cranks.
▪ VII. burr, bur, n.7|bɜː(r)|
[a. F. bourre ‘padding’, also ‘refuse of raw silk’. Cf. burl n.1]
1. A sort of pad for a saddle.
1688R. Holme Armoury iii. 345/1 The French Pad Saddle..the Burs of it come wholly round the seat. 1725Bradley Fam. Dict. II. 6 a/2 Pad Saddle, of which there are Two sorts, some being made with Burrs before the Seat, others with Bolsters under the Thighs.
2. The refuse of raw silk.
1798W. Hutton Autobiog. 117 To take out the burs and uneven parts [of a thread of silk]. 1812Smyth Pract. Customs 185 Waste silk is what surrounds the cocoon..This burr is proper to stuff quilts.
▪ VIII. ‖ burr, bur, n.8
[Hind. baṛ:—Skr. vaṭa.]
The Banyan-tree (Ficus indica); also attrib.
1813J. Forbes Orient. Mem. III. 14 A sacred Burr, or pipal tree. 1849Southey Comm.-Pl. Bk. Ser. ii. 407 A remarkable banian or burr tree. 1845Stocqueler Handbk. Brit. India (1854) 141 The bur, the largest of trees.
▪ IX. † burr, v.1 Obs. rare—1.
[f. burr n.1]
intr. To spread out like a burr round the moon.
1660H. More Myst. Godl. iii. vi. 71 The Rayes of things, burring out from all Bodies that act at a distance.
▪ X. burr, v.2|bɜː(r)|
[f. burr n.1 3.]
trans. To fashion into a burr or rivet-head.
1880Times 27 Dec. 9/4 A tool having a screw and triple clip, which grasps the gas check and burrs it over a projection at the base of the shell.
▪ XI. burr, v.3
[f. burr n.6]
1. intr. To pronounce a strong uvular r (instead of a trilled r), as is done in Northumberland. Also, loosely, to speak with a rough articulation; to speak inarticulately or indistinctly, to utter the syllable burr or something like it.
1798Wordsw. Idiot Boy xxii, Burr, burr—now Johnny's lips they burr, As loud as any mill, or near it. 1816Monthly Mag. XLI. 527 There let them burr and oy. 1866Carlyle Remin. (1881) II. 126 He..burred with his r.
2. trans. To pronounce (r) with a ‘burr’ (or, loosely, with a trill).
1868H. Kingsley Mathilde II. 268 There were plenty of r's in it, and he burred them. Mod. You cannot speak French like a Parisian, until you have learnt to burr your r's.
3. intr. To make a whirring noise.
1838Audubon Ornith. Biogr. IV. 555 We..saw the males [sc. humming birds] in numbers, darting, burring, and squeaking. 1886[see burring ppl. a.]. 1946K. Tennant Lost Haven (1968) xviii. 311 She hated moths. Let it stay there burring and fluttering. 1959G. Usher Death in Bag xvi. 167 The telephone clacked and burred at length.
▪ XII. burr, v.4|bɜː(r)|
[f. burr n.4]
a. intr. To use a burr.
b. trans. To excavate (a tooth) with a burr. Hence ˈburring vbl. n. used attrib., as burring-engine, a dentist's machine for driving a burr-drill, etc.; burring tool (see burr n.4 2 b).
1875Dental Cosmos XVII. 510 With the burring-engine I ground off enough of the cusp. |
