| 释义 |
▪ I. chap, n.1|tʃæp|
[f. chap v.1 or its source.]
1. An open fissure or crack in a surface, made by chopping or splitting.
1553Eden Treat. New Ind. (Arb.) 16 Theyr skinne is very rowghe & full of chappes & riftes. 1563T. Hill Arte Garden. (1593) 6 Ground..through the heat of Sommer full of chaps. 1607Topsell Serpents 659 Bark of Birch, which..cleaveth and openeth it self into chaps. 1698J. Keill Exam. Th. Earth (1734) 117 These great Chaps and Cracks..made in the primitive earth by the strong action of the Sun. 1746Da Costa Belemnites in Phil. Trans. XLIV. 397 A Chap or Seam running their whole Length.
b. esp. A painful fissure or crack in the skin, descending to the flesh: chiefly caused by exposure of hands, lips, etc., to frost or cold wind.
1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. vii. lxiv. (1495) 280 Lepra..makyth chappes, chynnes and clyftes. 1547Boorde Brev. Health clvii. 56 b, A chappe or chappes beynge in the lyppes, tongue, handes and fete of a man. 1610P. Barrough Meth. Physick iii. xxiii. (1639) 138 Like the chaps which are made through a North wind on the lips. 1727–51Chambers Cycl. s.v. Chilblain, Chaps, on the hands; and kibes on the heels. 1836Todd Cycl. Ant. I. 185/1 The margin..of the mouth, is subject to fissures, chaps, and superficial excoriations.
c. fig.
a1661Fuller (Webster) There were many clefts and chaps in our council.
2. A stroke, knock, rap. Sc. and north. dial.
1785Burns Scotch Drink x, Then Burnewin comes on like death At ev'ry chaup. a1803Jamieson Water-Kelpie xxiii. in Scott Minstr. Bord., Lie still, ye skrae, There's Water-Kelpie's chap [at door or window]. a1809Christmas Ba'ing (Jam.) He did na miss the ba' a chap.
3. The act of fixing upon as one's choice; choice, selection. Cf. chap v. 8. Sc.
1768Ross Helenore 114 (Jam.) Spare no pains nor care, For chap and choice of suits ye hae them there.
▪ II. chap, n.2|tʃæp|
Also 6–7 chappe.
[Found first in the middle of the 16th c.; the variant chop is quoted from the Scottish poet Dunbar c 1500, and is now more usual in certain senses. Perh. f. chap, chop v. (The suggestion that it is a southern corruption of the northern chaft, suits the sense, but no explanation of such a phonetic change appears). See also chop.]
1. Either of the two bones (with its covering of muscles, skin, etc.) which form the mouth; a jaw; also either half of the bill of a bird.
1575Turberv. Bk. Venerie 195 Take them with your tongs or clampes by the lower chappe. 1610Healey Aug. City of God 335 [The Crocodile] moveth his upper Chappe. 1646Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. iii. i. (1686) 85 Broad and thick chaps are required in birds that speak. 1774Goldsm. Nat. Hist. II. vi. iii. 177 The stork..produces no other noise than the clacking of its under-chap against the upper. c1870J. Murphy Comm. Lev. xi. 18 The pelican [has]..in the under chap a pouch capable of holding many quarts.
2. pl. The jaws as unitedly forming the mouth; the biting and devouring apparatus. Used of animals, esp. beasts of prey; and applied contemptuously or humorously to human beings, in which sense more commonly chop.
1555Eden Decades W. Ind. (Arb.) 231 The hooke ouer⁓thwarteth & catcheth hold of his chappes. 1569Golding tr. Heminge's Post. 18 The deliverer of mankinde out of the chappes of the serpent. 1610Shakes. Temp. ii. ii. 89 Open your chaps againe. 1620Healey St. Aug. City of God ix. iv. 324 Being euen in the chaps of death. 1648Herrick Hesper., Epigr. on Blanch, To bind up her chaps when she is dead. 1673R. Leigh Transp. Reh. 39 Supping up his Coffee, and scalding his chaps for hast. 1875Buckland Log-Bk. 6 The hounds with blood about their chaps.
3. The side of the external jaw; the cheek.
1708S. Centlivre Busie Body ii. ii, She threatned to slap my Chaps, and told me, I was her Servant, not her Governess. 1718T. Gordon Cordial Low Spirits 50 Bury their faces in mighty periwigs, which inviron either chap. 1845Hood Last Man iii, The very sight of his broken orts Made a work in his wrinkled chaps. 1863B. Taylor H. Thurston iii. 40 A coarse, obese man, with heavy chaps.
b. The lower half of the cheek of the pig or other animal as an article of food, as in pickled Bath chaps.
1870Daily News 19 Apr., The feast was chaps and eggs.
4. The lower jaw.
1846J. Baxter Libr. Pract. Agric. II. 91 The chap should be fine, indicating a disposition to feed. 1879Cassell's Techn. Educ. IV. 238/2 The ‘chap’ or under jaw, is clean, or free from flesh.
†5. pl. The fauces of Snapdragon and allied plants.
1794Martyn Rousseau's Bot. xxii. 314 The chaps [of Toadflax] are orange-coloured.
†6. pl. Mech. The ‘jaws’ or ‘cheeks’ of a vice or other tool, etc., which fit together and hold something firmly between them; the jaws of the futchells in a carriage, etc. Obs.
1677Moxon Mech. Exerc. (1703) 3 Tongs, to be used for..such thicker work, as will be held within the Returns of their Chaps. 1688R. Holme Armoury iii. 321/2 The Chaps..of a Vice..are cut rough. 1794W. Felton Carriages (1801) I. 50 The futchels are contracted in the front to receive the pole, which part of the futchels is called the Chaps. 1799Naval Chron. II. 238 Nail up a new pair of chaps on the fore part of the pump for a new handle to be fixed in. 1831J. Holland Manuf. Metals I. 201 Pinched when red hot between the chaps of a vice.
7. chaps of the Channel: see chop n.
1720Lond. Gaz. No. 5813/3 Ships in the Chaps of the Channel.
8. Comb., as chap-band, chap-choke; chap-fallen a.
1614Markham Cheap Husb. i. ii. (1668) 24 Put upon his [a horse's] Head a gentle Cavezan..with a chap-band underneath. 1607Middleton Five Gall. iii. v, Thou shalt straight to Bridewell—Sweet master! Live upon bread and water and chap-choke.
▪ III. chap, n.3|tʃæp|
[An abbreviation of chapman, which seems to have come into vulgar use in the end of the 16th c.: but it is rare in books, even in the dramatists, before 1700. It was not recognized by Johnson, though in Bailey (1731) in sense 1. With sense 2, cf. the colloquial use of customer = ‘person to have to do with’; also callant = ‘customer, lad’.]
1. A buyer, purchaser, customer. Still dial.
1577Breton Toyes Idle Head (Grosart) 55 (D.) Those crusty chaps I cannot love, The Diuell doo them shame. 1712Steele Spect. No. 450 ⁋6 In hunting after Chaps, and in the exact Knowledge of the State of Markets. 1727A. Hamilton New Acc. E. Ind. II. i. 229, I had a meeting with my Chaps, and..told them what the current Price was in Town for every Species of my Goods. 1731Bailey (ed. 5) A chap (in commerce), a chapman or customer. 1764Wilkes Corr. (1805) II. 66 Perhaps Mrs. Mead would buy..but she would be a hard chap. 1805Ann. Rev. III. 619 The pedlar has but a faint interest in the good opinion of his chap. 1827Scott Two Drovers ii, Harry Wakefield was lucky enough to find a chap for a part of his drove. 1864Atkinson Whitby Gloss., Chap, a dealer, a purchaser. ‘I hae some bacon to sell, can you find me a chap for 't.’
2. colloq. ‘Customer’, fellow, lad. (Todd, in 1818, said ‘it usually designates a person of whom a contemptuous opinion is entertained’; but it is now merely familiar and non-dignified, being chiefly applied to a young man.)
1716M. Davies Dissert. upon Physick in Athenæ Britann III. 46 The Names of those Country-Chaps be, Absyrtus, etc. 1728Morgan Algiers I. Pref. 8 ‘Prithee!’ returned my scornful, choleric chap; ‘Don't compare me to any of your scoundrel Barbarians!’ c1750J. Nelson Jrnl. (1836) 89 Another [Oxford man] said, ‘These chaps belong to poor Wesley’. 1824Scott Redgauntlet let. x, The fishers are wild chaps. 1850Thackeray Pendennis iii, What sad wild fellows some of the chaps were. 1862Mrs. H. Wood Mrs. Hallib. i. xx, You might give a chap a civil answer.
b. humorously applied to a female.
1768Ross Helenore 35 (Jam.) Nought would do But I maun gang, that bonny chap to woo.
▪ IV. chap, n.4
Elliptical for chap-book.
1883Life D. Graham Wks. I. 72 Among the chaps..were many of a religious character.
▪ V. chap, n.5
earlier form of chop, Anglo-Ind. stamp, seal, license (Hindī chhāp).
▪ VI. chap, v.1|tʃæp|
[ME. chapp-en (14th c.) answers in sense to later MDu. cappen (Du. kappen, also LG., and thence in mod.Ger.), MSw. kappa, MDa. kappe. But the relation of these to the ME. form is uncertain, and no trace of the word is found in the earlier stage of any of the langs.; cf. chip. The sense-development is not clear.]
I.
†1. trans. (with off). To chop off. Obs. or dial.
c1325Coer de L. 4550 Anon her hedes wer off chappyd. [Jamieson mentions chap aff to strike off, and gives chap in some parts of Scotl. = chop, cut into small pieces. Cf. also sense 7, and chapped ppl. a.1] II. To crack, cause to crack in fissures. (To connect this with the prec., the trans. sense 3, as if ‘to chop or cut the surface’, ought to be the earlier.)
2. intr. To become fissured, burst into cracks or clefts, as if the surface or skin were chopped by cutting blows.
c1420Pallad. on Husb. iv. 339 And yf thai chappe [Lat. crepent], a stoone under the heed Roote is to doo. 1561T. Hoby tr. Castiglione's Courtyer i. H, So bedawbed, that..she had a viser on her face and dareth not laugh for making it chappe. 1580Baret Alv. C 333 The earth chappeth or goeth a sunder for drougth. 1677W. Harris tr. Lemery's Course Chym. (ed. 3) 498 Nutmeg..is clothed with two Barks, but when it comes to maturity, the uppermost chaps and lets the second appear. 1727Bradley Fam. Dict. s.v. Earth, Claiey or stiff earth..subject to chap during the heat of summer. 1875H. Wood Therap. (1879) 582 Useful when the skin has a tendency to crack or to chap.
fig.1642Fuller Holy & Prof. St. iii. viii. 170 Heat of passion makes our souls to chappe, and the deuil creeps in at the cranies.
3. trans. To fissure, cause to crack or open in chaps.
1460,1549, etc. [see chapped ppl. a.1 1.] 1597Lyly Euphues D ij b, Parched with the Sunnes blaze, and chapped [1580 chipped] with the Winters blast. 1725J. Reynolds View of Death (1735) 30 The extremely cold winds..chap the timber, and kill the cattle. 1845Peter Parley's Annual VI. 196 The earth is chapped with parching. Mod. The girl's fingers had been chapped by working in water during the frost.
III. To strike sharply (sometimes with reference to the sound made). north. dial. and Sc.
4. trans. To strike. to chap hands: to strike each other's hand in concluding a bargain.
1565Lindesay (Pitscottie) Chron. Scot. (1728) 130 And so chapped him by the host a little, and at an outside watched him. 1768Ross Helenore 120 (Jam.) Syn Lindy has wi Bydby chapped hands They's hae their gear again.
5. trans. and intr. To strike, as a clock.
1652in Z. Boyd Zion's Flowers (1855) App. 42/1 Till the hour chap. 1814J. Boswell Justic. Opera in Chambers Pop. Hum. Sc. Poems (1862) 64 The clock's chappit ten. 1822E. Irving Let. 5 Nov. in Mrs. Oliphant Life I. 157 Till four chaps from the Ram's Horn Kirk.
6. intr. To knock, rap, at a door.
1774C. Keith Farmer's Ha in Chambers Pop. Hum. Sc. Poems (1862) 38 But Morpheus begins to chap, And bids them a' gae tak a nap. a1803Erlington iii. in Scott Minstr. Bord., O whae is this at my bower door That chaps sae late? 1863Atkinson Danby Provinc., Chap, to knock, rap; at a door. 1868G. Macdonald R. Falconer I. 38 ‘Wha's there?..that neither chaps nor ca's?’
b. trans. to chap out: to call one out by rapping or tapping. (Cf. knock up.)
1818Blackw. Mag. III. 531 Chappin out, is the phrase used in many parts of Scotland to denote the slight tap at the window given by the nocturnal wooer to his mistress. Ibid. 532 To chap-out some of them is not worth while.
7. To chop or beat small.
a1776in Herd Coll. Sc. Poems II. 79 (Jam.) With chapped kail.
IV. Sc. [perh. not the same word.]
8. To choose, select, bespeak; to fix upon as one's choice. chaps me that! the call of children in laying claim to anything, equivalent to the Lancashire barley (or balla) me! and English schoolboy's bags I. (Hence Galt's incorrect ‘I'll chapse’.)
1720Ramsay Edinb. Salut. Mrq. Carnarvon iv, You's hae at will to chap and chuse, For few things am I scant in. a1806in R. Jamieson Pop. Ballads I. 299 (Jam.) ‘Hech, husto!’ quo' Habbie, ‘I chaps ye.’ 1823Galt Entail I. xix. 162 ‘I'll chapse that place,’ said Walter.
▪ VII. chap, v.2 Obs. exc. dial.
[ME. chapi-en was app. a phonetic variant of cheapien OE. céapian, owing to different treatment of the diphthong ea (cf. chapman); but the mod. dial. use may be from chapman or other derivative.]
To buy; to buy and sell; to barter; to truck. Cf. cheap; chop.
a1225Juliana 63 [Þu] lettest an of þe tweolue þat tu hefdest icoren chapi þe and sullen. 1483Cath. Angl. 58/2 To chappe, mercari, negociari. 1818Todd, Chap, to cheap or cheapen; to bargain or deal for a price. 1876Mid. Yorksh. Gloss. (E.D.S.) Chap, to buy and sell, in a chance way. |
