| 释义 |
▪ I. grit, n.1|grɪt|
Forms: α. 1 gréot, 3, 5, 7, (9 dial.) gret, 3–4 greot, 4, (9 dial.) greit, 4, 7 grett, 4–8 grete, 4–9 greet, (5–7 greete, 7 griet, 8–9 dial. grate). β. 6 grite, gryt, 7– grit.
[OE. gréot = OS. griot, OHG. grioȥ (MHG. grieȥ, G. griesz), ON. griót pebbles:—OTeut. *greutom, str. neut.; a pre-Teut. root *ghreud-: ghrud- appears in Lith. gruzti to crush, pound, Lettish grauds grain, OSl. gruda clod. The abnormal development of the vowel may be due to assimilation to grit n.2]
1. a. collect. sing. Formerly: Sand, gravel, small stones. Now: Minute particles of stone or sand, as produced by attrition or disintegration.
α Beowulf 3168 Forleton eorla ᵹestreon eorðan healdan, gold on greote, þær hit nu ᵹen lifað..unnyt. a1000Cædmon's Gen. 909 (Gr.) Þu scealt greot etan þine lifdaᵹas. a1000Andreas 425 (Gr.) Sand is ᵹeblonden, grund wið greote. a1300Cursor M. 9938 (Cott.) Four strandes rinnes suete Thoru þat grauel and þat grett [other MSS. grete]. c1320Sir Tristr. 2501 He fond awele [sc. a well] ful gode Al white it was, þe grete. a1500Chester Pl. (Shaks. Soc.) I. 121 With grete gravill and greete I skoure an oulde pane. 1513Douglas æneis xii. Prol. 55 The syluer scalyt fyschis on the greit Ourthwort cleir stremis sprynkland for the heyt. 1639G. Daniel Ecclus. xxv. 55 An Asscent straw'd wth a slippery greet. a1650Dth. Robin Hood 100 in Furnivall Percy Folio I. 56 There make me a full fayre graue of grauell & of greete. 1655Fuller Ch. Hist. i. v. §30 Small Griet and Gravell may choak a man. 1869Lonsdale Gloss., Gret, fine gravel, sand. 1883Almondbury & Huddersf. Gloss., Greet. 1887S. Chesh. Gloss., Greit.
β1589Rider Eng.-Lat. Dict., Grite, or duste of stones or mettal, scobs. 1618E. Elton Compl. Sanct. Sinner (1622) 239 Bread of deceit..afterwards it turnes to grit and grauell in his mouth. 1657R. Ligon Barbadoes (1673) 37 Though we wash it never so well, yet the grit cracks in our teeth. 1747H. Glasse Cookery vi. 62 Take two or three Eels,..and wash them from Grit. 1845Florist's Jrnl. 218 A considerable quantity of road grit. 1865Dickens Mut. Fr. ii. xv, The City grit gets into the hair and eyes and skin.
¶ Used for grit n.2
a1225Ancr. R. 70 Muche fol he were þe muhte, to his owene bihoue, hweðer se he wolde, grinden greot oðer hwete, ȝif he grunde þe greot & lefde þene hwete. ‘Hwete is holi speche’, ase Seint Anselme seið. Heo grint greot þe cheofled.
b. fig., with reference to the unpleasant or injurious qualities of grit.
1876Lowell Among my Bks. Ser. ii. 184 It gives you a shock of unpleasant surprise, a kind of grit, as when one's teeth close on a bit of gravel in a dish of strawberries and cream. 1884J. S. Brewer Hen. VIII, I. 105 The Venetian ambassador, gleeful as a schoolboy when he could throw grit into Wolsey's bread, was not sorry at the opportunity of carrying him the tidings. 1890Spectator 13 Dec., Every tax is a handful of grit thrown into the machinery of industrial wealth, and impairs its productive powers.
c. A particle of sand. rare.
1601Holland Pliny I. 314 If haply there doe arise a tempest..they [bees] catch up some little stonie greet to ballaise and poise themselves against the wind. 1890Abney Treat. Photogr. (ed. 6) 56 Application of acid may dissolve the grits away.
2. a. Coarse sandstone, esp. of the kinds used for millstones and grindstones; gritstone.
αc1275Serving Christ 67 in O.E. Misc. 92 Me graueþ þis gode in greote and in ston. 1391Mem. Ripon (Surtees) III. 109 In xvj petris de grete emp. pro j herthe. c1400Siege Jerusalem (E.E.T.S.) 35/621 With grete stones of gret & of gray marble. 1587Harrison England iii. ix. (1877) ii. 64 These [whetstones] also are divided either into the hard griet, as the common that shoomakers use, or the soft griet called hones. 1678Hobbes Decam. x. 123 The Stone of which are made Milstones, which Stone is here called Greet. 1731Lowthorp in Phil. Trans. Abr. I. viii. 588 The Portland stone is of a fine Chalky Greet, fit for all curious hewn and carved Work. 1747Hooson Miner's Dict. M, Shale, Chirts, Greet, &c. do produce very good Veins, and that last very well likewise.
β1710Brit. Apollo III. No. 3. 2/1 A Grit or course free Stone. 1784J. Belknap Tour White Mts. (1876) 20 Grind-stones are found at Fryeburg and at Amariscogin, of a fine grit, and hard. 1833Lyell Princ. Geol. III. 222 The lacustrine strata are composed of gravel, grit and micaceous sandstone. 1851Richardson Geol. (1855) 450 The upper beds consist of quartzose grits. 1874Dawkins Cave Hunt. ii. 25 The massive millstone grit of Derbyshire and Yorkshire. 1882Geikie Text Bk. Geol. ii. ii. §6. 158 By an augmentation in the size of the grains, a sandstone may become a grit, or a pebbly conglomerate sandstone.
†b. Applied by J. Hill to a ‘genus’ of fossils.
1748Sir J. Hill Hist. Fossils 569 Series III. Class IV. Order II. Genus I. Saburræ. Gritts. Fossils found in minute masses, forming together a kind of powder. Ibid., The white stony Gritts..consisting of pure Spar.
3. Earth, soil, mould; † the ground, as under, in, on the greet. Now Obs. exc. dial.
c1250Gen. & Ex. 3774 Erðe..opnede vnder ere fet; Held up neiðer ston ne gret. a1300Cursor M. 16923 Nu is þe croice grauen vnder greit, and iesus vnder stan. c1330Amis & Amil. 1530 Graven in grete so cold. 1393Langl. P. Pl. C. xiv. 23 As greyn that lyth in the greot and thorgh grace, atte laste, Spryngeth vp and spredeth. c1400Melayne 1252 Many a Sarazene lay on his bake,..Full Grisely gronande one the grete. a1500Chester Pl. (E.E.T.S.) 405 Take we the body of this sweet, and lay it low under the greet! 1601Holland Pliny I. 502 The blacke mould or grit. a1722Lisle Husb. (1752) 6 The side lands in the hill country are always the poorest, because the good grete, or mold, is washed down by the rain. 1813[see 6 below]. 1880E. Cornwall Gloss., Greet, earth, soil.
4. The grain or texture of a stone, in respect of fineness, coarseness, etc.
1529Rastell Pastyme, Hist. Brit. (1811) 105 These stonis at Stonehenge be all of one gryt, without chaunge of colour, or vayne. 1601Holland Pliny II. 588 In this kind there be of a more free and softer grit. 1662R. Mathew Unl. Alch. lxxxix. 154 Let not the sand be either too sharp or too fine, but of a middle greet. 1694S. Foley in Phil. Trans. XVIII. 171 Of a whitish Free-stone colour, but a finer closer gret. 1776G. Semple Building in Water 40 The Grit or Grain of it greatly resembled that of a Millstone. 1811G. S. Keith Agric. Surv. Aberd. 56 (Jam.) When they mean to split it, they begin by drawing a straight line along the stone in the direction of its grete. a1835Rickman Archit. App. (1848) 11 The ancient door is..of..a dark red sandstone of a strong grit.
fig.c1630Risdon Surv. Devon §114 (1810) 118 There..lived in this parish one Stone, who was of so hard a greete, that he lived to the age of one hundred and twenty years.
5. colloq.
a. orig. U.S. slang. Firmness or solidity of character; indomitable spirit or pluck; stamina. to be clear grit, hard (etc.) grit: to have genuine spirit or pluck. to be the grit: to be the ‘right sort’, the genuine ‘article’.
1825J. Neal Bro. Jonathan III. 386 Proper fellow he was too; 'cute enough, I tell you—sharp as a razor—clear grit. 1843Haliburton Attaché II. i. 13 If he hadn't a had the clear grit in him, and showed his teeth and claws. 1861–2Thackeray Philip xxxi, If you were a chip of the old block you would be just what he called ‘the grit’. 1863Hawthorne Our Old Home (1883) I. 322 His main deficiency was a lack of grit. 1873–4Dixon Two Queens III. xiii. ii. 12 John Fisher..had not lost his northern grit and twang. 1880Daily Tel. 7 Oct., Our English lads are hard grit. 1892Times 23 Apr. 7/1 Every appointment of the kind must be based wholly upon fitness and grit.
b. In Canadian politics, a Radical or Liberal. Formerly clear grit.
1884Fortn. Rev. May 592 There arose up [in Canada] a political party of a Radical persuasion, who were called Clear-Grits, and the Clear-Grits declared for the secularisation of the Clergy Reserves. 1887Goldwin Smith in Contemp. Rev. July 15 The names ‘Tory’ and ‘Grit’, by which they call each other, therefore, being free from meaning, are really more appropriate than Conservative and Liberal, by which they call themselves. Ibid., Their leaders are more ready to accept baronetcies and knighthoods than the leaders of the Grits.
6. attrib. and Comb., as grit-ashlar, grit-band, grit-bed, grit-country, grit-getter; grit-tempered adj.; grit-berry, a name for the genus Comarostaphylis (Treas. Bot. 1866); grit-blasting vbl. n., the use of a stream of abrasive particles directed at a surface to clean it and roughen it; hence (as a back-formation) grit-blast v. trans. and absol.; grit-board dial., the earth-board of a plough; grit-cell = stone-cell (stone n. 20), sclereid; grit-emery, coarse emery; grit-rock = gritstone.
1855Cornwall (1862) 77 The ‘best blue fine granite, or *grit-ashlar, for building sea-walls’.
1881Geol. Mag. Nov. 488 The beds are traversed by a coarse cleavage dipping south, which usually ignores the hard *grit bands.
1890Jrnl. Geol. Soc. XLVI. 496 The red slates with hard *grit beds south of Goodrington beach support a Triassic outlier. 1953Arkell & Tomkeieff Eng. Rock Terms 53/1 The original sense of ‘gravelly’ seems to be preserved in the local term Grit Bed used for the Melbourn Rock in the Middle Chalk of Kent and Sussex, which is a band of limestone with a hard nodular structure.
1962Flight International LXXXII. 201/1 The finished spar would be *grit-blasted,..principally in order to remove small amounts of metal under closely controlled conditions. 1964Financ. Times 8 Sept. 11/4 The operator can safely grit-blast without having to dress in protective clothing.
1936Metals Handbk. (Amer. Soc. Metals) 841 (heading) Cleaning metals by blast cleaning process (also known as sand blasting, *grit, and shot blasting). 1947Mettallurgia Apr. 279/2 Such a cleaning process as grit blasting lowers the corrosion resistance of the alloys. 1963Times 22 Apr. p. v/1 To make sure the zinc sticks the steel must be roughened by gritblasting immediately beforehand.
1813T. Davis Agric. Wilts 263 *Grate board, or bread Board—The mould or earth-board of a plough which turns the furrow; earth being frequently called grate. 1880E. Cornwall Gloss., Greet-board, the earth-board of a plough.
1900B. D. Jackson Gloss. Bot. Terms 115/2 *Grit-cell, a sclerotic cell, as in the flesh of pears. 1960W. B. R. Laidlaw Guide Brit. Hardwoods 103 Fruit pear-shaped; with grit-cells.
1878Davis & Lees West Yorksh. i. i. 14 The deep valleys in the *grit country usually have a stream at the bottom.
1884F. J. Britten Watch & Clockm. 101 *Grit or corn Emery used for sharpening cutting burnishers.
1854Illustr. Lond. News 5 Aug. 118 Occupations of the people,..*Grit-getter.
1838Penny Cycl. XI. 439/2 In the Carpathian mountains and in the Alps *grit-rocks with abundance of fuci (grès des Carpathes) represent the greensands of France and England.
1939V. G. Childe Dawn Europ. Civilization (ed. 3) xii. 214 The ‘classical’ beaker..made of relatively fine *grit-tempered ware.
1839Stonehouse Axholme 189 Mr. Wesley was buried in Epworth churchyard under a plain *grit tombstone, supported by brick-work.
▪ II. grit, n.2|grɪt|
Now only pl. and dial. Forms: α. sing. (rare) 1 grytt, 7 gritt, 8 grit. pl. 1 grytta, gretta, 3 gen. gruttene, 7 gritts, 7– grits. β. pl. 7 gurts, gert (see girt-brew), 9 girts. γ. pl. 6– greats, (7 greyts, 7–8 greets).
[OE. grytt(e str. and wk. fem., usually in pl. grytta(n = MLG., Du. grutte fem., OHG. gruzzi (MHG., G. grütze):—OTeut. type *grutjâ, grutjôn-, f. Teut. root *greut-, graut-, grū̆t-, whence also groats (a synonym, usually regarded as a mere variant, of this word), and grit n.1
This and the preceding n. seem to have mutually influenced each other in form, whence the γ forms here and the β forms of grit n.1]
†1. Bran, chaff, mill-dust. Obs.
a700Epinal Gloss. 823 Pullis, grytt. c1000ælfric Gloss. in Wr.-Wülcker 141/20 Apludes uel cantabra, hwæte gryttan. c1000Sax. Leechd. II. 220 Þam mannum sceal man sellan..niwe beren mela oððe grytta. a1100Ags. Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 330/33 Furfures, gretta. 11..Voc. ibid. 505/13 Polline, gryttes. a1225Ancr. R. 186 Þis is Godes heste, þet him is muchele leouere þen þet tu ete gruttene bread, oðer werie herde here.
2. Oats that have been husked but not ground (or only coarsely); coarse oatmeal.
This is the general use of the word, but its application varies and has varied in Eng. dialects; in America it is applied to other kinds of grain. (See quots.)
1579Langham Gard. Health (1633) 457 Otemeale Greyts. 1589Cogan Haven Health vii. (1636) 31 Of the greats or groats..boiled in water with salt, they make a kind of meat. 1601Holland Pliny I. 559 In Gaule..they have a kind of fourmentie corn or gurts..named in their language Brance. 1615Markham Eng. Housew. ii. viii. (1668) 178 The Greets or full Kernels will separate from the smaller oatmeal. a1661Fuller Worthies, Linc. ii. (1662) 153 Gruel..is wholsome Spoon-meat,..Water is the Matter, Grits the Form thereof. 1686Plot Staffordsh. 205 They are much smaller, without husk, and are indeed perfect gritts naturally, requiring no Mill to make them into Oatemeal. 1725Bradley Fam. Dict. s.v. Oat meal, The bigger kind of Oat-Meal, which is call'd Greets, or Corn Oat-Meal. 1750W. Ellis Country Housewife 206 Whole greets boiled in water till they burst, and then mixt with butter. 1796H. Glasse Cookery xxi. 335 Grits [1747 (ed. 1) grotes] once cut does better than oatmeal. 1811A. T. Thomson Lond. Disp. (1818) 68 Gruels, or decoctions of grits or of oatmeal, are excellent demulcents. 1847–78Halliwell, Girts, oatmeal. Var. dial. 1884Knight Dict. Mech. Suppl., Grits (Milling), cracked fragments of wheat smaller than groats. 1886Syd. Soc. Lex. s.v., In America, fine hominy is called grits, and wheat prepared in the same way is likewise so designated. 1938M. K. Rawlings Yearling iii. 27 Breakfast was on the table... There were grits and gravy, hot cakes, and buttermilk. 1961Encounter XVI. 20 Other eaters..were forking up eggs and grits. 1969New Yorker 10 May 32/1 We stopped for scrambled eggs and grits in a little town in Alabama.
3. attrib., as grit-gruel. See also girt-brew.
1844T. Webster Encycl. Dom. Econ. 739 In the case of grits, this cuticle is entirely kept back, which accounts for the smoothness, as it is termed, of grit-gruel.
▪ III. grit, n.3|grɪt|
(Only in dicts.: see also gryff.)
[? Repr. OE. grytte spider, which is found once as a gloss on gongeweafre (Vulgate aranea) in Vesp. Ps. lxxxix. 9.]
A kind of crab.
1598Florio, Paguro, a kind of creuis or crafish called a grit, a grampell, or a punger. 1658Phillips, A Grit, a kinde of fish, otherwise called a Grample fish. 1721in Bailey. 1847–78Halliwell, Grit, the sea-crab. Linc. 1867Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., Gritt, an east-country term for the sea-crab.
▪ IV. grit, v.|grɪt|
[f. grit n.1]
1. intr. To produce a grating sound such as is caused by the crushing of grit; to move with such a grating noise.
1762Goldsm. Cit. W. xxx, The sanded floor that grits beneath the tread. 1810Splendid Follies I. 191 The wheel gritted slowly along. 1834M. Scott Cruise Midge (1859) 343 Several gigs and carriages of various descriptions gritted past us through the deep sand of the unpaved thoroughfares. 1847–78Halliwell, Grit, to squeak or grunt. Somerset. 1851Lowell Lett. (1894) I. 216 A burnt stick that goes gritting, Grit, gritting o'er the canvas. 1859Mrs. Gaskell Round the Sofa 250 He pulled a face as if he had heard a slate-pencil gritting against a slate.
2. trans. To cover with grit or sand.
1842[see gritted ppl. a.]. 1899Blackw. Mag. Feb. 421/2 His hands and gun all sand gritted with his labour of wall erection.
3. To cause to make a grating or ‘gritty’ sound.
1851Mrs. Browning Casa Guidi W. 131 Murmurously the ebbing waters grit The little pebbles.
4. a. To grind or grate (the teeth).
1797Jefferson Writings (1903) I. 416 Mr. Adams,..gritting his teeth, said [etc.]. 1840Southern Lit. Messenger VI. 735/2 The duellist gritted his teeth as he cocked the gun a second time. 1848Lowell Fable for Critics Poet. Wks. 1890 III. 30 Just conceive how much harder your teeth you'd have gritted. 1887F. R. Stockton Borrowed Month etc. 27, I gritted my teeth as I thought what a despicable thing it would be.
b. To utter with gritting of the teeth.
1900Daily News 11 Oct. 3/1 The Boers have gritted it between their teeth, mingling it with sullen curses—for to the veldtsman the name [of J. Chamberlain] is as the name of a thing accursed. 1910C. E. Mulford Hopalong Cassidy i. 11 ‘I'll kill you some day, you whelp,’ he gritted.
Hence ˈgritted, ˈgritting ppl. adjs.; ˈgritting vbl. n.
1823Massachusetts Spy 30 Apr. (Th.), The harmony arising from the filing of a saw, or the gritting of teeth. 1833M. Scott Tom Cringle xviii. (1859) 504 Thundering them down again against the flint-hard coral spikes, with a loud gritting rumble. 1842Tennyson Will Waterproof 242 When..thou shalt cease To pace the gritted floor. a1849Poe Tales & Sketches (1852) 255, I could have sworn that it was the gritting of this vagabond's teeth. 1897Outing (U.S.) XXX. 422/1 The gritted teeth, and the tension of the body, show what power this player has put into his shot. 1901Daily News 13 Mar. 5/2 The gritting and corroding of tubes. 1908Westm. Gaz. 14 Dec. 11/2 The Borough Council includes no less a sum than {pstlg}2,000 for snow removal and the gritting of the roads. 1963Guardian 21 Jan. 1/1 Todmorden local authority has a plough and gritting lorry out. 1963Times 4 Feb. 6/6 Snow ploughs and gritting gangs worked throughout yesterday to clear 50,000 miles of snow-covered trunk roads. 1968Times 26 Mar. 2/2 A big new road-gritting machine.
▪ V. grit
obs. form of grith; Sc. f. great. |
