| 释义 |
reduction|rɪˈdʌkʃən|
Also 5–6 reduccion, -cyon.
[a. F. réduction (13–14th c.), or ad. L. reductiōn-em, n. of action f. redūcĕre to reduce.]
I.
†1.
a. The action of bringing (back) to or from a state, condition, belief, etc. Obs.
1483Rolls of Parlt. VI. 241/2 Desyryng..the peas..of this Lande, and the reduccion of the same to the auncien honourable estate and prosperite. 1557in Burnet Hist. Ref. (1681) II. Records ii. ii. No. 34 For reduction of your Majesty's Realm of Ireland to the Unity of the Church. 1609Bible (Douay) Haggai i. comm., Reduction of soules from sinne, and amending of il maners. 1651Hobbes Leviath. iii. xli. 263 God having determined his sacrifice, for the reduction of his elect to their former covenanted obedience. 1677Gale Crt. Gentiles iii. 98 The reduction of the soul from its night-day to the true Light of Being.
†b. Without const.: Reclamation. Obs.
1620tr. Augustine's Confess. Ep. Ded. *4 Whose ioy was no lesse in the reduction of sinners, then it would haue been, in their preseruation.
†c. Metall. (See quot.) Obs. rare.
1741tr. Cramer's Assaying 186 Metals destroyed, and changed into Scoria or Ashes, are, by their Union with the same matter, again restored to their metallick Form. This Operation is called Reduction.
†2.
a. The action of bringing back (a person, thing, institution, etc.) to a place previously occupied; restoration. Also const. to, from, out of. Obs.
a1548Hall Chron., Hen. VIII 144 b, To..entreate with the nobles of the Countrey for the reduccion of kyng Cristierne, to his realme, Croune, and dignitie. 1557Knox Sel. Writ. (1845) 184 After their reduction, their lives did nothing amend. 1655Fuller Ch. Hist. viii. i. §22 In the Convocation..there were found but six which opposed the Reduction of Popery. 1668–84Owen Exp. Hebr. (1790) IV. 430 The reduction of Christ from the dead by ‘the God of peace’. 1741Warburton Div. Legat. II. 322 The whole History of their Reduction out of Egypt.
†b. Sc. The action of bringing back (money) to the mint again. (Cf. reduce v. 3.) Obs. rare.
1581–2Reg. Privy Council Scot. III. 463 For inbringing and reductioun of quhilk money thair wes nominat and appointit William Napier and Thomas Aitchesoun..to ressave all the said cunyie.
3. Surg. The restoration of a dislocated part to its normal position; the action of reducing a displacement, etc.
[1612Woodall Surg. Mate Wks. (1653) 87 The reduction of parts disjoynted and dislocated to union.] 1656Ridgley Pract. Physick 161 That which is longwaies is soonest cured, for there needs no reduction. 1727–41Chambers Cycl., Reduction, in surgery, denotes an operation whereby a dislocated, luxated, or fractured bone, is restored to its former place. 1879St. George's Hosp. Rep. IX. 288 Reduction of displacement could not be effected till 1 inch of lower fragment was cut off.
II.
4. a. Conquest or subjugation of a place, esp. a town or fortress.
c1500Melusine 369 After the reducyon of the Fortres. 1665Sir T. Herbert Trav. (1677) 276 Babylon thus taken, it gave the Turk the easier reduction of Diarbec. 1756–7tr. Keysler's Trav. (1760) I. 204 The famous reduction, as it was called, was carried so far, that all the fundamental laws..were entirely subverted and destroyed. 1776Gibbon Decl. & F. xiii. (1782) I. 442 The reduction of Egypt was immediately followed by the Persian war. 1838Thirlwall Greece III. 407 Thus the reduction of Syracuse would lead..to the subjugation of Greece. 1877Brockett Cross & Cr. 49 The first exploit which Basil's successor..attempted, was the reduction of Kazan.
b. The action of reducing into possession (see reduce v. 19 d). Also without const.
1647Trapp Comm. 1 Cor. iii. 22 (All are yours) Though not in possession, yet in use, or by way of reduction, as we say. 1840Penny Cycl. XVIII. 453/2 It is still doubtful whether the assignment by a husband of his wife's immediate choses in action is a reduction into possession.
c. Hist. [ad. Sp. reduccion.] A settlement or colony of South American Indians converted and governed by the Jesuits.
1712W. Rogers Voy. (1718) 89 This is the way of living in those cantons, which the missionaries call Reductions; because, if you'll believe them, they have reduced them to Christianity by their preaching. 1822Southey in Q. Rev. XXVI. 286 The number of converted Indians..amounted to about 120,000 in thirty Reductions. 1881Encycl. Brit. XIII. 649/1 Governing and civilizing the natives of Brazil and Paraguay in the missions and ‘reductions’.
5. Sc. Law. The action of reducing a deed, decree, etc. (See reduce v. 23.)
reduction reductive: see reductive a. 2 (quot. 1838). reduction-improbation: see 13 below.
1546Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 37 Tuiching the reductioun of the infeftmentis, chartour or chartouris of talye. 1578–9Ibid. III. 91 The mater dependand under reductioun befoir his Hienes and the saidis Lordis of Secreit Counsale. 1630Acts of Sederunt (1790) 43 The forming and directing of Summonds of reductioune of Retours. 1706Act 6 Anne, c. 11 Art. 19 All reviews reductions or suspensions of the sentences in maritime cases. a1768Erskine Inst. Law Scot. iv. 1 §24 (1773) 647 Simple reductions, where improbation is not also libelled, are now seldom made use of. 1838W. Bell Dict. Law Scot. 833 The effect of a decree of reduction is, that the deed thereby reduced ceases to be of any effect against the party who has obtained it.
6. a. Arith. (a) The process of changing an amount from one denomination to another. ascending r., from a lower to a higher denomination; descending r., from a higher to a lower (Phillips 1706). (b) The process of bringing down a fraction to its lowest terms.
1542Recorde Gr. Artes (1575) 192 Reduction is, by whiche all summes of grosse denomination may bee turned into summes of more subtile denomination: And contrary wayes. 1594Blundevil Exerc. i. xxvii. (1636) 75 The Division is to be done either by Reduction into the smallest Fractions, or without Reduction. 1674S. Jeake Arith. (1696) 152 Reduction of Fractions declareth the proportion of one number to another, or of broken parts to broken parts. 1682J. Scarlett Exchanges 17 Of the Reduction of Exchanges. 1727–41Chambers Cycl. s.v., To expedite the practice, several compendious ways of reduction have been invented. 1798Hutton Course Math. (1806) I. 74 This operation is the same as Reduction Descending in whole numbers. 1823J. Mitchell Dict. Math. & Phys. Sci. 420/1 Reduction of algebraic fractions is performed in exactly the same manner as the reduction of common fractions. 1859Barn. Smith Arith. & Algebra (ed. 6) 96 Reduction is the method of expressing numbers of a superior denomination in units of a lower denomination, and conversely.
b. Alg. (See quots. 1702–4.)
1702Ralphson Math. Dict., Reduction of Equations (in Algebra) is the reducing them into a fit and proper Order or Disposition for a Solution. 1704J. Harris Lex. Techn. I, Reduction of Equations, in Algebra, is the clearing of them from all superfluous Quantities, and the separating of the known Quantities from the unknown [etc.]. 1743Emerson Fluxions 36.
c. Astron. (a) (See quot. 1704.) ? Obs. (b) The correction of observations by allowance for modifying circumstances, as parallax, refraction, etc.
1704J. Harris Lex. Techn. I, Reduction, in Astronomy, is the difference between the Argument of Inclination and the Eccentrical Longitude. 1812Woodhouse Astron. x. 73 The reduction of a star's place seen from the surface, to the center. 1833Herschel Astron. v. (1858) 215 The complete reduction..of an astronomical observation, consists in applying..five distinct and independent corrections.
d. Geom. The process of reducing (a curve, etc.) to a straight line.
1798Hutton Course Math. (1807) II. 63 The high roads..hardly ever lie in a right line between the stations; which must cause endless reductions, and require great trouble to make it a right line.
e. transf. The process of explaining behaviour, social or mental activity, etc., by reducing it to its component factors or to a simpler form; also by ascribing a complex result to the operation of a few or one of its factors.
1916A. A. Brill tr. Freud's Wit & its Relation to Unconsc. ii. 28 The briefest reduction of the meaning by which one could replace this joke would be..[etc.]. 1927W. M. Wheeler in Proc. 6th Internat. Congr. Philos., 1926 34 The reduction of these new properties to those of the parts in the sense of identification, and the finding of a causal determination also in this sense is impossible. 1928H. G. & C. F. Baynes tr. Jung's Contrib. to Analytical Psychol. 56 When the unsuitable structures have been reduced, and the natural course of things restored, the possibility of a normal life being thus attained, reduction is not to be pushed further. 1950H. Hartmann Ess. Ego Psychol. (1964) vi. 112 We may refer to such simplifications as ‘theories by reduction’. They see one specific phase..as the sole causative factor for a character type. 1960J. Strachey in Freud's Compl. Wks. VIII. 23 Here and elsewhere in this work Freud uses the word ‘reduction’ in the sense of taking something back to its original form. 1960R. F. C. Hull tr. Jung's Gen. Aspects of Dream Psychol. in Coll. Wks. VIII. 240 Obviously this reduction is quite unsatisfying from the scientific point of view... The discovery of a single antecedent is by no means sufficient.
f. Computers. The transformation of data into a simpler or more amenable form.
1958Jrnl. Assoc. Computing Machinery V. 89 (heading) Special purpose analog machine for data reduction. 1969P. B. Jordain Condensed Computer Encycl. 423 Reduction can take several forms: changing the encoding to eliminate redundancy, or extracting significant details from the data and eliminating the rest or choosing every second or third out of the totality of available points.
7. Logic. The process of reducing a syllogism († or proposition) to another, esp. to a simpler or clearer, form; spec. by expressing it in one of the moods of the first figure (direct reduction or ostensive reduction). Also, the process of establishing the validity of a syllogism by showing that the contradictory of its conclusion is inconsistent with its premisses (indirect reduction or apagogical reduction).
1551T. Wilson Logike (1567) 27 b, To make a thing otherwise then it was before, to reduce it, or to bring it to more plaine understanding, in the shape and forme of the first figure, is called reduction. 1697[see ostensive a. 1]. 1727–41Chambers Cycl., Reduction of propositions is used in a more general sense, for any expression of one proposition, by another proposition equivalent thereto. Ibid., Reduction of syllogisms is a regular changing or transforming of an imperfect syllogism into a perfect one. 1827Whately Elem. Logic ii. iii. §6 in Encycl. Metrop. (1845) I. 211 In these ways (which are called Ostensive Reduction..) all the imperfect Moods may be reduced to the four perfect ones. 1891[see direct a. 4 c]. 1896[see indirect a. 2 b].
b. reduction sentence: a sentence giving conditions for the use of a concept less strict than a definition.
1936R. Carnap in Philos. of Sci. III. 441 We shall call R1 and R2 reduction sentences for ‘Q3’ and ‘∼ Q3’ respectively. 1949[see non-dispositional s.v. non- 3]. 1963A. Pap Introd. Philos. of Sci. ii. 32 The virtue of the reduction sentence, then, is that it permits us to ascribe a disposition D to an object only if the relevant experiment has been performed and found to have a positive outcome. 1965P. Caws Philos. of Sci. viii. 54 Carnap..closes the loophole in the definition by rewriting it as a reduction sentence.
†8. The action of reducing to a standard or class.
1597Broughton (title) Daniel his Chaldie Visions..expounded..by reduction of heathen most famous stories vnto the exact proprietie of his wordes.
9. a. Conversion into or to a certain state, form, etc.
1605Bacon Adv. Learn. i. v. §4 Another Errour..is the over-early and peremptorie reduction of knowledge into Arts and Methodes. 1626Jackson Creed viii. xviii. §1 God..did prevent the reduction of that possibility..into act. 1656Bramhall Replic. vi. 263 If it had been only the reduction of these new mysteries into the form of a Creed, that did offend us. 1850Robertson Serm. Ser. iii. vii. (1853) 95 The reduction of society to that state in which the monster injustice has been perpetrated.
b. reduction to the absurd or reduction to absurdity, a method of proving the falsity of a premiss, principle, etc., by showing that the conclusion or consequence is absurd; also loosely, the pushing of anything to an absurd extreme. (More freq. used in the Latin form reductio ad absurdum: see reductio 2.)
1856C. M. Yonge Daisy Chain ii. xv. 506 [The Doctor] had a courteous clever process of the reduction to the absurd, which seldom failed to tell. 1865Mill Exam. Hamilton 369 There is no such thing as a reduction to absurdity if this is not one. 1892Pall Mall G. 26 May 1/2 Such reductions to absurdity of the universal eight hours day are..less necessary now.
10. a. The action or process of reducing (a substance) to another (usually a simpler) form, esp. by some chemical process; spec. in Chem., the opposite of oxidation (senses 1 a and b): the removal of oxygen from, or addition of hydrogen to, a compound; partial or complete donation of an electron to an atom or molecule; a decrease in the proportion of electronegative constituents in a molecule or compound.
1666J. Smith Old Age 186 Glandules in the body of man..that serve either to Excretion, to Reduction, or to Nutrition. 1727–41Chambers Cycl. s.v., The reduction of metals into their first matter, or principles. 1796Kirwan Elem. Min. (ed. 2) II. 504 As appears both by precipitation and reduction. 1851Carpenter Man. Phys. (ed. 2) 266 The action of the Stomach is restricted, in the higher animals, to the reduction of the food by the solvent powers of the gastric juice. 1862Miller Elem. Chem. iii. (ed. 2) 61 Processes of reduction are less completely under the control of the chemist than those of oxidation. 1884W. H. Greenwood Steel & Iron vi. 92 The chemical reactions..are very simple, involving only the reduction of ferric oxide. 1900W. A. Shenstone Inorg. Chem. 177 The terms oxidation and reduction are no longer confined to changes in which oxygen plays a part... The term reduction may be applied to any change which involves a decrease in the relative amount of the negative radicle present in a compound. 1913J. B. Cohen Org. Chem. Adv. Students II. ii. 100 The difference between the two catalysts is also brought out in the case of heptine C7H12, copper giving heptene C7H14 and polymerisation products.., and nickel effecting complete reduction to heptane. 1930L. B. Flexner tr. L. Michaelis's Oxidation- Reduction Potentials 10 We shall simply collect together as equivalent processes (1) the addition of oxygen, (2) the loss of hydrogen, and (3) the loss of electrons and call them all oxidations, and their converses, reductions. 1950N. V. Sidgwick Chem. Elements II. 1327 Ferrous compounds are formed either from the metal or by the reduction of the ferric. 1964N. G. Clark Mod. Org. Chem. x. 177 Aldehydes readily undergo reduction to alcohols. 1970Ambrose & Easty Cell Biol. ii. 62 Reduction is regarded conversely as involving a gain of electrons, and substances which have the characteristic of giving up electrons to other substances are called reducing agents. 1979Archaeology July–Aug. 21/2 When there is a lack of oxygen in the ‘reduction’ the iron oxide constituent of the earthenware clay remains in its ferrous or black state.
b. The conversion of ore into metal; smelting.
1797Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XI. 453/2 The reduction of iron-ore..requires a violent and long-continued heat. 1839Ure Dict. Arts 710 The reduction of a portion of the roasted ore is begun at the same time. 1890W. J. Gordon Foundry 98 Just below the top, where reduction takes place by the contact with the carbonic oxide, the fire is a dull red.
c. Philos. In phenomenology, the process of reducing an object of consciousness or an idea to its pure essence through elimination of all reference to extraneous things, in particular by eliminating (or ‘bracketing’) all reference to the real world of material objects; esp. as eidetic reduction, phenomenological reduction, transcendental reduction. (See quot. 1943.)
1914Mind XXIII. 590 He [sc. Husserl] deals in a most valuable section with the relation of consciousness to natural reality, with the province of pure consciousness, and with the phenomenological reductions. 1924Monist XXXIV. 520 To carry out the ‘phenomenological reduction’, i.e., to isolate an object from its existential or systematic connections, is equivalent to considering it as it is originally given, without the distorting influences of ‘theory’. 1931W. R. B. Gibson tr. Husserl's Ideas 44 The corresponding Reduction which leads from the psychological phenomenon to the pure ‘essence’, or,..from factual (‘empirical’) to ‘essential’ universality, is the eidetic Reduction. Ibid. 114 We propose to speak..of phenomenological reductions... From the epistemological viewpoint we would also speak of transcendental reductions. 1943M. Farber Found. Phenomenol. i. 20 The ‘reduction’ opens up a universal field for philosophical investigation which is free from all pre⁓judgements and assumptions, hence its crucial methodological importance. Husserl is careful to distinguish eidetic reduction (proceeding from fact to essence) from transcendental reduction, according to which the phenomena are characterized as ‘irreal’... The method of phenomenological reduction is applied in order to achieve the presuppositionless field of philosophy. 1966A. Gurwitsch Stud. Phenomenol. & Psychol. v. 111 Performance of the transcendental without the eidetic reduction discloses the flow of ‘my’ transcendentally purified mental states in phenomenal time. 1970A. Giorgi Psychol. as Human Sci. iii. 148 By means of the phenomenological reduction, i.e., by a change in attitude, the world can be considered as phenomenon. 1972H. Spiegelberg Phenomenol. in Psychol. & Psychiatry ii. 76 He did not believe in a strict separation between the world of essences and the world of facts, thus rejecting Husserl's ‘eidetic reduction’.
11. a. Diminution, lessening, cutting down.
a1676Hale (J.), Some will have these years to be but months;..yet that reduction will not serve. 1730–4Waterland Script. Vind. Postscr., Wks. 1823 VI. 186 Let him therefore first make the proper reduction in the account, and then see what it amounts to. 1769Burke Late St. Nat. Wks. II. 46 Not one shilling towards the reduction of our debt. 1796C. Marshall Garden. xii. (1813) 178 If they [lilacs] need much reduction let them be cut down as soon..as they have got off flower. 1874Green Short Hist. viii. §6. 526 The general opinion was in favour of a reduction of the power and wealth of the Church.
b. The action or process of making a copy on a smaller scale; also, a copy of this kind; spec. of the size of a copy or photographic image in photography, microphotography, etc.
1727–41Chambers Cycl. s.v., The great use of the proportional compasses is in the reduction of figures, &c., whence they are also called compasses of reduction. 1786Jefferson Writ. (1859) I. 536 It is as particular as the four-sheet maps from which it is taken, and I answer for the exactness of the reduction. 1876Geo. Eliot Dan. Der. xxx, The little faces beside her, almost exact reductions of her own. 1889E. J. Wall Dict. Photogr. 158 Whereas in enlargements the greater distance is between lens and sensitive surface, in the case of reduction the greater distance must be between the lens and negative. 1959F. Luther Microfilm 1 Reductions greater than those now in common use were employed to produce microfilms that could meet the rule-of-thumb test of quality, that is, be enlarged back to original size without substantial loss of definition or legibility. 1962A. Günther Microphotogr. in Libr. 5 The advantages of the use of photographic reduction in recording documents are so obvious that it is not surprising that the first microphotograph was made shortly after the invention of photography. 1965Focal Encycl. Photogr. II. 1255/1 Reduction in printing, in copying and graphic arts work applies to reproduction at a scale of less than 1:1 or same size. 1973D. A. Spencer Focal Dict. Photogr. Technol. 518, A 1:3 reduction is a copy that is one-third of the linear size of the original.
c. Photogr. Diminution of the density of a print or negative.
1889E. J. Wall Dict. Photogr. 158 Reduction will proceed in proportion to the amount of ferridcyanide [sic] present. 1902A. Watkins Photogr. 93 Where a rapid plate (of poor quality) does not seem to give sufficient contrast before it fogs over, a knowledge of reduction and intensifying will often give a good negative. 1956Focal Encycl. Photogr. 951/2 The object of reduction is to make a very dense negative easier to print, or to lighten undesirably black areas of a print. 1977J. Hedgecoe Photographer's Handbk. 242 Assess the progress of reduction by removing the negative at frequent intervals.
d. Mus. Transcription of a full orchestral score for a smaller number of instruments, esp. for piano; the reduced score thus produced.
1884F. Niecks Dict. Mus. Terms 273 Riduzione, reduction. 1966[see piano reduction s.v. piano n.2 2 d]. 1973L. Lockwood in A. Tyson Beethoven Stud. 118 (caption) Reduction of Sehnsucht, bars 3–6. 1979[see open score s.v. open a. (adv.) 22 c]. 1980Times 28 June 9/7 Mahler songs, not in their familiar orchestral settings but in piano versions. Some are originals, some reductions, and some fall in between.
e. Cytology. The halving of the number of chromosomes per cell that occurs at one of the two anaphases of meiosis (cf. postreduction, prereduction); chiefly attrib. in reduction division, the meiotic cell division during which reduction occurs. [The senses are due to A. Weismann, who used G. reduktion, reduktionstheilung (Über die Zahl der Richtungskörper und über ihre Bedeutung für die Vererbung (1887) i. 14, ii. 35).]
1891Jrnl. R. Microsc. Soc. 461 There is a ‘reduction⁓division’, for twelve chromosomes are found in each new cell. 1896E. B. Wilson Cell v. 182 The process of reduction is very obviously a provision to hold constant the number of chromosomes characteristic of a species. 1906Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. 1905 570 Weissman predicted that a transverse division of the chromosomes would be found to take place by which the reduction would be brought about. Ibid., A true reduction division is found to occur in the heterotype stage. 1927Haldane & Huxley Animal Biol. ii. 59 Instead of the chromosomes dividing, the members of a pair come to lie side by side; and at division one whole chromosome of a pair is separated from the other. This process is called the reduction of the chromosomes, for owing to it, each of the two cells produced at this division possess only half of the ordinary number of chromosomes for the species. 1931E. B. Ford Mendelism & Evolution i. 12 Each chromosome must contain many factors. These will be inherited together for, at the reduction division, they will pass into the same germ cell without the opportunity of random assortment. 1948H. P. Riley Genetics & Cytogenetics iv. 65 The reduction division reduces the number of chromosomes and centromeres. 1971D. J. Cove Genetics i. 7 This type of cell division whereby a diploid cell can give rise to haploid cells is called reduction division. 1979Sci. Amer. Feb. 104/1 Meiosis, the ‘reduction division’ whereby one male germ cell divides to form four sperm cells, each of which has half the normal complement of chromosomes.
f. Phonetics. Weakening; obscuring (of a vowel); substitution of a sound which requires less muscular effort to articulate.
1909O. Jespersen Mod. Eng. Gram. I. ix. 260 Weak /iu/ has in some words kept both sounds, though with an early reduction of /i/ to /j/. 1953K. H. Jackson Lang. & Hist. Early Brit. 293 The reduction of pretonic ǭ to ŏ in Welsh. 1959C. L. Wrenn Word & Symbol (1967) 39 Gerrans..shows the regular Cornish reduction of the final t to s. 1962A. C. Gimson Introd. Pronunc. Eng. vii. 120 This reduction of unaccented vowels, typical of a stress-accent language such as English, has been a feature of the English sound system for over a thousand years. 1970B. M. H. Strang Hist. Eng. vi. 342 The reduction of vowels is a sign that these formal distinctions were no longer functionally important.
g. Reducing or limiting the use of addictive drugs. Usu. attrib.
1914Jackson & Hellyer Vocab. Criminal Slang 69 Reduction.., the reduction cure for a ‘habit’. Example: ‘The only sensible way of getting off is on the reduction’. 1953W. Burroughs Junkie iii. 39 The ‘thirty-day cure’. This is not a reduction cure. They don't give any junk... All they offer the addict is thirty days' detention. Ibid. viii. 73, I have never known one of these self-administered reduction cures to work. 1962‘K. Orvis’ Damned & Destroyed ii. 18 You've tried everything with your daughter, haven't you?.. Forced her to take cold-shock and reduction treatments.
12. Mil. Degradation to a lower rank.
1806Pike Sources Mississ. (1810) 78, I examined into the conduct of my sergeant, and found that he was guilty and punished him by reduction, &c.
13. attrib. and Comb., as reduction product, etc.; reduction compasses, reducing compasses; reduction division: see sense 11 e above; reduction gear Engin., a system of gear wheels in which the driven shaft rotates more slowly than the driving shaft; so reduction gearing; reduction-improbation Sc. Law, a form of rescissory action, in which it is suggested that the deed, or other document in question, is not genuine; reduction negative, print Photogr., a negative or print made from a larger original; so reduction printing; reduction-works, (a) works for the reduction of metallic ore; (b) (see quot. 1894).
1875Knight Dict. Mech. 1903/1 *Reduction-compasses, proportional dividers or whole-and-half dividers.
1896E. T. Carter Motive Power & Gearing xxviii. 532 The double *reduction gear used on the Frankfort-Offenbach tramcars. 1942R.A.F. Jrnl. 3 Oct. 18 The port propeller and reduction gear casing were wrenched off. 1971B. Scharf Engin. & its Lang. xii. 161 Any system of gears in which the speed of the driven shaft is lower than the speed of the driving shaft may be described as a reduction gear.
1896E. T. Carter Motive Power & Gearing 617/1 (Index), *Reduction gearing. 1934Jane's Fighting Ships 94 Turbines with single reduction gearing. 1942J. Liston Aircraft Engine Design viii. 146 The inherent tendency for the propeller efficiency to drop at high speeds can be offset by suitable reduction gearing.
a1768Erskine Inst. Law Scot. iv. i. §19 (1773) 644 The most effectual method of setting aside deeds granted to one's prejudice, is by the action of *reduction-improbation. 1838W. Bell Dict. Law Scot. 485 Under the certification of an action of reduction-improbation, the deed, if not produced, will be held as false and forged. 1868Act 31 & 32 Vict. c. 100 §17 It shall not be necessary to obtain the concurrence of Her Majesty's Advocate to any summons of reduction-improbation.
1945Jrnl. Soc. Motion Picture Engineers Apr. 290 This process [sc. reduction printing] is commonly used in making 16-mm negatives or prints from 35-mm originals. Film thus made is referred to as a *reduction negative or reduction print, as the case may be.
1943Ibid. Dec. 507 An effort was made to learn if the wows introduced into the *reduction prints by the printer itself could be reduced by an increase in the speed of the printer. 1973D. A. Spencer Focal Dict. Photogr. Technol. 420 The assembly is also used to make reduction prints—e.g. by projecting 35 mm film on to 16 mm raw stock in the camera.
1945Jrnl. Soc. Motion Picture Engineers Apr. 290 *Reduction printing is the process of producing and recording photographically a smaller image, usually on a smaller film, from a larger image.
1891Anthony's Photogr. Bull. IV. 159 A silver chloride *reduction product.
1872Raymond Statist. Mines & Mining 26 During one month when all the *reduction works were producing. 1894Gould Dict. Med. etc., Reduction works, a cremating establishment for disposing of the filth and refuse matter of a city. |
