| 释义 |
▪ I. pledge, n.|plɛdʒ|
Forms: 4–6 plege, plegge, 6 pledg, 5– pledge (6 Sc. pladge, plage, plaige, pleage, 7 pleg).
[Late ME. a. OF. plege (Roland, c 1080, and Anglo-F.), pleige, plaige, plo(i)ge, etc., mod.F. pleige hostage, security, bail, pledge:—early Frankish L. plevium, plibium, plebium, a 600 in Pact. Childeb. & Chlot. 10 (Hessels, Salic Law 417), med.L. plivium (?a 1200, Barcelona) in Du Cange; app. deriv. n. (on type of gaudium, odium, colloquium) from med.L. plevīre, plebīre (c 800 in Lex Romana Rætica Curiensis IX. i. [4], plivīre (1080 Aquitaine, Du Cange), Pr. plevir (pres. ind. pliu), OF. plevir (Roland), pleivir, early mod.F. plevir, pleuvir, F. dial. pluvir Godef.), to warrant, assure, undertake for, engage (Cotgr.): cf. plevin, replevin. See Note below.]
1. Law and gen.
a. A person who becomes surety for another; a bail; a surety; a member of a frank-pledge or frithborh (mod.L. plegius). Obs. exc. Hist.
[1224Bracton's Note Bk. (1887) II. 176 Amerciauerunt eum..et Iordanum de Treuergan plegium suum..ad unam marcam. 1292Britton i. ii. §10 Celui volums nous qe soit pris,..et lessez par plege jekes a nostre venue en le pays..et qe le Corouner face enbrever lour nouns et les nouns des pleges. 1314–15Rolls of Parlt. I. 293/2 De ceo qe les chief plegges a le Letes, & al Tourn de Visconte, presentent fausement gentz estre copables.] c1386Chaucer Melib. ⁋860 Thanne Melibee..receyued hire obligacions and hir boondes by hire othes vp-on hire plegges and borwes. 1467in Eng. Gilds (1870) 382 Also yf eny mans wyf becom dettor or plegge. 1502Ord. Crysten Men (W. de W. 1506) i. iv. 45 And in as moche the godfader and godmoder ben pledges and maketh good for hym. a1548Hall Chron., Hen. IV 12 b, Thou knowest wel inough that I am thy pledge borowe and mayneperner, body for body. 1562Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 221 To entir as plege and souerte for his said fadder. 1581Lambarde Eiren. i. iii. (1602) 14 Borowhead, Borsholder, and Tythingman..signifie, The chiefe man of the free pledges within that Borowe, or Tything. 1596Shakes. Tam. Shr. i. ii. 45 Petruchio patience, I am Grumio's pledge. 1647N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. i. xxvi. (1739) 43 Each one being pledge for others good abearing. 1874Stubbs Const. Hist. (1875) I. v. 87 Each association (frithborh) has a headman, a ‘capital pledge’, borhs-ealdor or frith-borge-head, to manage the business of the ten. Thus constituted, they are standing sureties for one another. 1895Pollock & Maitland Hist. Eng. Law I. ii. iii. §4. 558 The chief pledge seems to have exercised a certain authority over his subordinate pledges.
†b. A hostage. Obs.
1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) III. 129 Seleucus..somtyme plegge and prisoner at Rome. 1535Coverdale 1 Macc. ix. 53 He toke also the chefest mens sonnes in the countre for pledges, and put them in the castel at Ierusalem to be kepte. 1597James VI in 3rd Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. 422/2 Burdynit with the keiping of the pleges and broken men reteinit for gude ordour on the bourdouris. 1633T. Stafford Pac. Hib. i. vii, And also take himselfe Prisoner, and the fower English Pledges.
2. a. Anything handed over to or put in the possession of another, as security for the performance of a contract or the payment of a debt, or as a guarantee of good faith, etc., and liable to forfeiture in case of failure (med.L. plegium).
[1164Constit. Clarendon v. in Stubbs Sel. Charters (1895) 138 Excommunicati..debent dare..tantum vadium et plegium standi judicio ecclesiae, ut absolvantur.] c1489Caxton Sonnes of Aymon xxii. 471 Yf he wolde not graunte me peas wyth hym, I promyse you he sholde leve his hede for a pledge. 1513–14Act 5 Hen. VIII, c. 1 He shall..bring in sufficient gage and plegge to the verey value of the contentes of the same writtyng obligatorie. 1535Coverdale Job xxii. 6 Thou hast taken the pledge from thy brethren for naught, and robbed the naked of their clothinge. 1593Shakes. 3 Hen. VI, iii. iii. 240 What Pledge haue we of thy firme Loyalty? 1667Milton P.L. viii. 325 The Tree..which I have set The Pledge of thy Obedience and thy Faith, Amid the Garden by the Tree of Life. 1696Phillips, Pledges, in Common Law are sureties either Real or Personal which the Plaintiff finds to prosecute his Sute. 1818Cruise Digest (ed. 2) V. 577 The lord did not become entitled to a fine on these surrenders, because they were only intended as a pledge for securing the repayment of the money advanced. 1838Thirlwall Greece IV. xxvii. 9 They therefore sent seven galleys..as a pledge of their loyalty.
b. spec. A thing put in pawn.
1800Act 39 & 40 Geo. III, c. 99 §2 Any time during which the said pledge shall remain in pawn. 1859Tennyson Geraint & Enid 220, I do not doubt To find, at some place..arms On loan, or else for pledge. 1863Geo. Eliot Romola iv, Hold the ring..as pledge for a small sum far beneath its value. 1878Stubbs Const. Hist. III. xviii. 106 The crown, which had been kept by bishop Beaufort as a pledge, was placed in the custody of the treasurer.
c. A gage of battle; = gage n.1 2.
1590Spenser F.Q. i. iv. 43 He..threw his gauntlet, as a sacred pledge, His cause in combat the next day to try. 1814Scott Ld. of Isles iii. vi, The honour'd pledge you gave In every battle-field shall wave Upon my helmet-crest.
d. fig. Applied to a child, as a token or evidence of mutual love and duty between parents, or as a hostage given to fortune.
1590Spenser F.Q. i. x. 4 But faire Charissa to a lovely fere Was lincked, and by him had many pledges dere. 1613Purchas Pilgrimage (1614) 91 Yeerely sacrifice of the deerest pledges of Nature to Saturne. 1651Davenant Gondibert i. ix, No male Pledge, to give a lasting name, Sprung from his bed. 1726Swift Gulliver ii. viii, I could never forget those domestic pledges I had left behind me. 1856Kane Arct. Expl. II. vi. 71 Exulting over the first pledge of their union, a fine little girl.
3. Something given or taken as a sign or token of favour or the like, or as an earnest of something to come.
1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 13 b, Innumerable..benefytes and consolacyons he hathe gyuen vs, as very pledges and sure tokens of loue. 1548–9(Mar.) Bk. Com. Prayer, Communion, He hath lefte in those holy Misteries, as a pledge of his loue..his owne blessed body, and precious bloud. a1653Binning Serm. (1845) 240 Christ's rising is the pledge and pawn of the second resurrection. 1792Burke Corr. (1844) III. 447 The exertion of one virtue is always a pledge for the exertion of another. a1839Praed Poems (1864) II. 438 A precious pledge that, wander where he will, One heart will think and dream about him still.
4. An assurance of allegiance or goodwill attested by drinking in response to another; the drinking of a health to a person, party, etc.; a toast.
1635Heywood Philocothonista 12 [Alexander] dranke healths to every man round, and pledged them severally againe;.. Calistenes [when] the King offered him a deepe quaffing-bowle, which he modestly refused,..said aloud. I desire not, Oh Alexander, to receive a pledge from thee; by taking which, I shall be presently inforced to inquire for a Physition. 1715Lady M. W. Montagu Town Ecl., St. James' Coffee-Ho., A certain duke one night my health begun; With chearful pledges round the room it run. 1816Scott Old Mort. i, Old Mortality was..prevailed upon to join his host in a single glass of liquor,..on condition that he should be permitted to name the pledge.
5. a. A solemn engagement to do or refrain from doing something; a promise, vow.
1814Cary Dante, Paradise v. 67 Yet not bent, as Jephthah once..to redeem his pledge By doing worse. 1828D'Israeli Chas. I, I. vi. 170 [The] oath of allegiance..was a pledge for civil, and not for religious purposes. 1844H. H. Wilson Brit. India II. 376 The greater number adhered to their pledge. 1855Brewster Newton II. xv. 82 He obtained them..under the pledge of secrecy. 1883Manch. Exam. 30 Oct. 5/5 The measure was introduced..in defiance of the most solemn pledges of the British Government.
b. the (temperance, total abstinence) pledge: a solemn engagement to abstain from intoxicating drink. Phrases: to take, sign, keep the pledge.
1833New Engl. Mag. (Boston) Aug. 137 The Temperance Pledge. Ibid. 141 Has he signed the pledge? 1840Southern Lit. Messenger VI. 325/1, I have signed the pledge, and since it is done I will make a virtue of necessity. 1843in M. Miliband Observer of 19th Cent. (1966) 161 Father Mathew..called upon those who wished to take the ‘pledge’ to kneel down... About 3,000 persons took the pledge... From the appearance of many of them, we should say the total abstinence pledge was very necessary. 1846W. E. Forster in Reid Life (1888) I. vi. 183 As to the temperance pledge, I find many men [in Ireland] still keeping it, but..a large proportion have broke. 1860J. W. Warter Sea-board II. 436 More than one case has come to my knowledge in which the pledge has been of service. 1864Soc. Sci. Rev. 259 When a man is a drunkard, and can still respect and keep an oath, by all means let him take the pledge. 1914G. B. Shaw Fanny's First Play iii. 214, I dont want any whisky and soda. I'll take the pledge if you like. 1922Joyce Ulysses 348 Had her father only avoided the clutches of the demon drink, by taking the pledge or those powders the drink habit cured in Pearson's Weekly, she might now be rolling in her carriage, second to none. 1930G. B. Shaw Apple Cart i. 43 Though none of us doubted that he would sign the pledge, we were not equally certain that the infirmities of his nature would allow him to keep it. 1970J. H. Gray Boy from Winnipeg 126 It was only when bootleg beer became openly available in the downtown hotels after 1920 that he gradually slipped from the pledge.
c. U.S. college slang. A student who has promised to join a fraternity or sorority. Also transf.
1901Univ. of Chicago Weekly 1 Aug. 1087/1 Still if the Kappas are as bad as you say—you say they lifted two pledges last year. 1930Randolph Enterprise (Elkins, W. Virginia) 18 Dec. 1/1 [They]..have been announced as two of five pledges chosen by the University Dramatic club at Morgantown. 1945W. Maxwell Folded Leaf 52 Shortly after seven o'clock the pledges appeared, one at a time, in the hotel lobby. 1949Reader's Digest Aug. 71/1 The chapter might..keep Tom as a sort of permanent pledge. 1972M. Mead Blackberry Winter viii. 98 For one thing, I had no dates; these were all arranged through commands to the freshman pledges of certain fraternities to date the freshman pledges of certain sororities.
6. The condition of being given or held as a pledge; the state of being pledged: in the phrases to be, lay, put in pledge, to give, have, lay, put to pledge, to take out of pledge, etc.
1382Wyclif 1 Macc. i. 11 The sone of Antiochi kyng, that was at Rome in seegyng [gloss or plegge; 1388 in ostage]. c1430Syr Gener. (Roxb.) 3158 My life to plegge shal he haue. 1516Life St. Bridget in Myrr. our Ladye p. liii, Take my two sones and lay them in plegge to your credytours. a1529Skelton El. Rummyng 293 Some layde to pledge Theyr hatchet and theyr wedge. 1567Gude & Godlie B. (S.T.S.) 23 And gaif thy self to plaige. 1665Manley Grotius' Low C. Warres 485 He..to meet and stop out want, had put to pledge, and pawned most of his own Houshold-stuff. 1818Cruise Digest (ed. 2) II. 86 If he doth not pay, then the land which is put in pledge, upon condition for the payment of the money, is taken from him for ever. 1862Mrs. H. Wood Mrs. Hallib. i. xxii, Pressed for a sum of money..he had put his Sunday coat in pledge. 1901Daily Chron. 14 May 7/7 Mr. Cardwell's scheme..abolished purchase in the Army, took the Army out of pledge, as the reform was wittily described.
7. attrib. and Comb., as pledge-cup (sense 4), pledge-form, pledge-jewel, pledge-mania (sense 5 b), pledge-office, pledge-ring, pledge-room; (sense 5 c) pledge-master, pledge pin, pledge week; objective and instrumental, as pledge-breaker (so pledge-breaking vbl. n. and ppl. adj.), pledge-keeper, pledge-taker; pledge-making, pledge-mongering, pledge-signing vbl. ns.; pledge-bound, pledge-free adjs.; pledge card, (a) a card on which one may sign a temperance pledge; (b) N. Amer. a card on which one expresses willingness to contribute to a fund, sponsor a charity event, etc.; † pledge-chamber, -house, a chamber or house for the confinement of sureties or debtors (Sc. obs.).
1900Westm. Gaz. 20 Oct. 4/3 An absolute united *pledge-bound party returns to represent Ireland at Westminster.
1887Pall Mall G. 23 May 5/2 Suggestive of the *pledge-cards issued by Bands of Hope. 1958Times Lit. Suppl. 10 Jan. 15/1 ‘Pledge’ (temperance) cards and ‘Decision’ (conversion) cards interpolated their small crises. 1967Boston Sunday Herald Mag. 26 Mar. 19/2 In 1960 Msgr. Leonard launched an $800,000 fund drive and more than 400 volunteers distributed pledge cards throughout the parish of about 3,000 families. 1970Toronto Daily Star 24 Sept. 17/5 Pledge cards for the walk are available at any Dominion store while anyone wishing to enter a team in the skatathon can call 889-3967.
1578Reg. Privy Council Scot. Ser. i. III. 24 Put in ward within the *pledge chalmer of the burgh of Drumfreis. 1629Ibid. Ser. ii. III. 12 They derned thameselffes in commodious parts ewest to the pledge chamber.
1851D. Wilson Preh. Ann. (1863) II. iv. ix. 489 The *pledge cup and wassail bowl.
1721Wodrow Hist. Suff. Ch. Scot. I. ii. xiii. §6 Mr. Webster and his two Friends..removed to the *Pledge-house, where Debtors used to be put.
1850Gosse Rivers of Bible (1878) 48 The *pledge-jewels of Jesus' love.
1552Huloet, *Pledge keper, depositarius.
1832Mill Let. 17 Sept. in Wks. (1963) XII. 121, I should say that the *pledge-mania had been abated.
1949Sun (Baltimore) 9 May 1/2 Santarelli..is *pledge-master for Phi Theta Upsilon Fraternity at the Northern Illinois College of Optometry.
1944Chicago Daily News 28 Oct. 1 After the incident, Soik turned in his *pledge pin.
1891Daily News 21 Sept. 7/2 The defendant..told her that he had had a fire in the *pledge room, and her cloak was burnt.
1552Huloet, *Pledge taker, pignerator.
1949Time 21 Mar. 47/2 As a finale to Brown's *pledge week, fraternity men had made the rounds of chapter houses to ‘congratulate’ each other. 1964Amer. Speech XXXIX. 193 The social affairs that are a major concern for most students, such as..pledge and rush weeks. [Note. Many attempts have been made to find a Latin derivation of the med.L. and OF. words: see Diez (s.v. Plevir), Littré (s.v. Pleige), Körting; all (including Diez's own suggestion, plēbium for *præbium from præbēre fidem), unsatisfactory. The prevalent opinion now is that plevēre, -īre, was of Germanic derivation, and represented some form of WGer. plehan (OE. pleon), plegan, or Goth. *plaihwan, in sense ‘to incur risk or responsibility for, become responsible for’ (see plight n.1), which suits the sense of the med.L. and Romanic words exactly, though not free from difficulty phonologically: see Mackel Franz. Studien VI. i. 78. Med.L plegium, plegius, plegiare, It. pieggio, were from French.]
Add:[5.] d. The promise of a donation to a charity or other cause in response to an appeal for funds; the donation itself. orig. U.S.
1923Living Church 20 Oct. 804/2 We must frankly adopt..a taxation plan whether it be by pledges, quotas or..assessments. 1933Daily Progress (Charlottesville, Va.) 25 Jan. 3/6 The 8,000 volunteer canvassers..have obtained pledges totalling more than $5,000,000. 1968M. Louvish tr. S. Y. Agnon's Guest for Night iii. 9 Had they bought the honor with generous donations? Not so. On the contrary, their pledges were scanty. 1986Keyboard Player Apr. 3/2 The money was raised by listeners telephoning pledges for records to be played.
▪ II. pledge, v.|plɛdʒ|
Forms: see pledge n.
[Late ME. plege, plegge, f. pledge n., or a. OF. plegier, mod.F. pleiger to guarantee, bail, f. pleige, pledge; so med.L. plegiāre (France, 1191 in Du Cange).]
†1.
a. trans. To become surety for, make oneself responsible for (a person, thing, or statement). Obs.
c1450Merlin 35 Ye haue plegged me vpon youre lyves that I shall haue no drede of deth. 1474Caxton Chesse 37 His felawe pledgyd hym and was seurte for hym.
†b. intr. To become surety. Obs. rare.
1574Reg. Privy Council Scot. II. 422 To caus all his freindis or servandis within Annanderdaill not ellis plegit for, to entir under plegis.
†c. trans. to pledge out: to redeem (a thing) from pawn or pledge; to ransom or bail (a person) out of prison, etc. Obs.
1464Mann. & Househ. Exp. (Roxb.) 266 Delyveryd to Mechegod to plege owt Brokys salatt, xij.d. 1503in Test. Vetusta II. 454 Such pledges as she hath of mine, I woll they be pledged out by William, and he to have them. 1523Ld. Berners Froiss. I. xl. 56 So [they] brought hym to the lorde Beaumonde who incontynent dyde pledge hym out fro his maisters handes. 1530Palsgr. 660/1, I pledge, or borowe one out of prison or captyvyte, or redeme a thyng out of pledge, je pledge. To my great coste and charge I have pledged hym out of prison.
2. a. To deliver, deposit, or assign as security for the repayment of a loan or the performance of some action; to pawn.
1515Barclay Egloges i. (1570) A v b, His sworde and buckler is pledged at the bere. 1586T. B. La Primaud. Fr. Acad. i. (1594) 221 My estates and dignities are as it were in sequestration, and my life as it were laid in pawne and pledged vnto me. 1686Lond. Gaz. No. 2105/4 If already sold or pawn'd,..the money [shall be] return'd for what they are pledg'd for. 1818Cruise Digest (ed. 2) II. 86 In the reign of Henry II. two modes of pledging lands were in use, which are fully described by Glanville. 1833H. Martineau Manch. Strike x. 112 The..son pacing slowly to the pawnbroker's to pledge his aged mother's last blanket. 1877Green Hist. Eng. People I. ii. ii. 139 Normandy and been pledged to him by his brother Robert.
b. fig. as in to pledge the future; also, to plight or stake (one's life, honour, troth, word, etc.).
1775Sheridan Rivals ii. i, My vows are pledged to her. 1797Mrs. Radcliffe Italian ii, I now pledge you that honourable word that Ellena is innocent. 1841James Brigand xxv, To this I pledge my honour. 1871R. Ellis Catullus lxiv. 182 A loyal lover, a hand pledg'd surely, shall ease me. 1890Spectator 4 Oct. 434/1 To pledge the future to the hilt is a temporary and evanescent joy.
3. a. To put (a person, or oneself) under a pledge; to bind by or as by a pledge. Also refl.
1571Satir. Poems Reform. xxviii. 97 Be justice airis I pledgit all the pepill, Than spairit nane thocht thay wer Innocent. 1771Junius Lett. lxv. (1820) 328, I pledge myself, before God and my country..to make good my charge against you. 1801E. Helme St. Marg. Cave II. 175, I here pledge myself, by all my hopes of happiness hereafter. 1827Lytton Falkland i. 12 All eager for my commands, and all pledged to their execution. 1836Dickens Let. ? 19 Nov. (1965) I. 198 He could not..pledge himself whether it would appear this season, or whether they would begin with it, at the opening of the next. 1850H. Martineau Hist. Peace II. v. vi. 295 The two millions whom he had in a few months pledged to temperance. 1883Manch. Exam. 1 Dec. 5/1 A resolution..pledging the House to deal with the subject at the first fitting opportunity.
b. trans. and intr. To enrol (a new student) in a college society. Of a student: to undertake to join a college society; to enrol in (a society). U.S.
1871L. H. Bagg Four Years at Yale 62 They are very attentive to his wants and do not leave him until he is ‘pledged’. 1887Lippincott's Mag. Nov. 741 If as a result of several such interviews he is approved, he is asked to ‘pledge’, that is, to promise to join the society. 1901Munsey's Mag. Feb. 734/2 The time and manner of pledging members to the fraternities vary with different colleges. 1949Reader's Digest Aug. 69/1 The rushing season, during which freshmen are pledged to the various houses, was in full swing. 1977Rolling Stone 19 May 67/2 Even though Hamilton went to the University of Georgia and pledged Phi Delta Theta, his exuberant intelligence wouldn't allow him to be satisfied with conformity.
4. a. To guarantee or assure the performance of. b. To solemnly promise, or undertake to give.
1593Shakes. 3 Hen. VI, iii. iii. 250 Yes, I accept her, for she well deserues it, And heere to pledge my Vow, I giue my hand. 1869Freeman Norm. Conq. III. xiii. 288 Their own personal service they pledged at once.
c. To promise solemnly (to do something).
1928Sunday Dispatch 2 Sept. 1/3 On my pledging not to disclose his name..he promptly handed over another cheque for {pstlg}10,000.
5. To give assurance or promise of friendship or fidelity to (any one) by or in the act of drinking. Also absol., or with the drink as obj.
†a. To drink in response to another; to drink to a health or toast which has been proposed. Obs.
b. To drink to the health of, drink a toast to; to toast.
1546J. Heywood Prov. ii. iv. (1874) 104, I drinke, (quoth she). Quoth he, I will not pledge. 1568Grafton Chron. II. 116 He dranke a great draught, the king pledging him. 1590Spenser F.Q. i. iii. 31. 1592 Nashe P. Penilesse 22 b, You do me the disgrace if you do not pledge me as much as I drunke to you. 1602Rowlands Tis Merrie when Gossips meete 17 This to you both, Cousse Grace, and mistresse Besse; A full Carowse, Ile haue you pledge no lesse. 1616B. Jonson Forest ix. To Celia i, Drink to me, only with thine eyes, And I will pledge with mine. a1627Hayward in Spurgeon Treas. Dav. Ps. lxix. 10 God handleth thee no otherwise..than he handled his only Son, who hath pledged thee in this bitter potion. 1706Potter Antiq. Greece II. iv. xx. 396 Alexander..is reported to have drank a Cup containing two Congii,..to Proteas, who commending the king's Ability, pledg'd him, then call'd for another Cup of the same Dimensions, and drank it off to him. The king, as the Laws of good Fellowship requir'd, pledg'd Proteas in the same Cup. 1727Swift Poisoning E. Curll Wks. 1755 III. i. 149 Mr. Pope..very civilly drank a glass of sack to Mr. Curll, which he as civilly pledged. 1773Goldsm. Stoops to Conq. ii. i, Will you be so good as to pledge me, sir? 1802M. Edgeworth Moral T. (1816) I. xix. 171 Pledge him in a bumper of port. 1855Kingsley Heroes ii. v. (1868) 169 In his hand a sculptured goblet, as he pledged the merchant kings. 1870Bryant Iliad I. iv. 104 From cups of gold They pledged each other.
Hence pledged |plɛdʒd| ppl. a., given or put in pledge; pawned, plighted; bound by a pledge; ˈpledging vbl. n.
1538Elyot, Pigneratio, a pledgynge or gagynge. 1552Huloet, Pledged, pigneratus. 1579Reg. Privy Council Scot. III. 164 His plege,..contenit in the buke of plegeing. 1628Prynne (title) Healthes: Sicknesse. Or, a Compendiovs and briefe Discourse; prouing the Drinking, and Pledging of Healthes, to be Sinfull. 1860Mill Repr. Govt. (1865) 64/1 A strong inducement..not to confine themselves to pledged party men. 1887Daily News 21 July 6/1 The calling-in of loans on pledged property. 1893F. Adams New Egypt 186 We believe..absolutely in the pledged word, the pledged honour of England. 1929Old Oregon June 10 They went through rushing, pledging, moving, ‘open house’, freshman duties, in a cycle which at that time seemed to move ponderously over each event. 1959Ann. Reg. 1958 152 At a special pledging conference in October 35 governments promised $27½ million for the Agency's work. 1964Amer. Speech XXXIX. 194 The vocabulary of pledging, rushing. |
