| 释义 |
effective, a. and n.|ɛˈfɛktɪv|
[a. F. effectif, -ive, ad. L. effectīvus: see effect v. and -ive.]
A. adj.
†1.
a. That is concerned in the production of (an event or condition; rarely, a material product).
1594T. B. La Primaud. Fr. Acad. ii. 379 Powers..are effectiue principles of all actions. 1607Schol. Disc. agst. Antichr. i. ii. 91 The signe of the Crosse is..effectiue of grace. 1677Gale Crt. Gentiles II. iv. 170 Politic Philosophie is defined..a Science effective of Justice in the Citie. 1684tr. Bonet's Merc. Compit. vi. 193 In the Tertian [Ague] the part effective of the bloud is out of its natural temper.
†b. Having the power of acting upon objects.
1646Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. 214 Time is not effective, nor are bodies destroyed by it, but from the action and passion of their Elements in it. a1652J. Smith Sel. Disc. v. 139 The more unbodied any thing is, the more unbounded also is it in its effective power.
†2. Concerned with, or having the function of, carrying into effect, executing, or accomplishing.
c1425Wyntoun Cron. ix. xxvii. 256 Ðis wes þe Proces causative, Ðat eftyr folowit effective. 1597Morley Introd. Mus. Annot., Musicke is diuided into two parts..The second may be called syntactical, Poetical, or effectiue. 1607Schol. Disc. agst. Antichr. i. i. 33 The former was significatiue onely, his effectiue.
3. a. That is attended with result or has an effect.
1760Goldsmith Cit. W. I. (1837) 200 There is an effective power superior to the people. 1776Adam Smith W.N. I. i. x. 149 The masters alone had an effective voice in the legislation. 1863Burton Bk. Hunter 90 The honour of the first effective shot.
b. In mechanical and economical science: Said of that portion of an agency or force which is actually brought to bear on a particular object.
1798Malthus Popul. iii. x. (1806) II. 250 The quantity of effective capital employed in agriculture. 1825J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 67 This we call the virtual or effective head [of water]. 1879Thomson & Tait Nat. Phil. I. i. §228 The Component of a force in any direction, (sometimes called the Effective Component in that direction).
c. Theol. effective faith, effective love, etc.: that bears fruit in conduct [med.L. effectivus].
1854F. W. Faber Growth in Holiness v. (1872) 75 Effective love makes us the living images of Jesus.
d. effective range: the range within which a missile, weapon, or fire-arm is effective.
1859Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) I. i. 65 Two hundred and twenty yards..is to be taken as the effective range for fighting purposes of the old archery.
e. effective temperature: see quots. 1929, 1930, 1957.
1915Sci. Amer. 3 Apr. 328/2 Whereas in the case of terrestrial illuminants the actual temperature can be gaged, we must be satisfied with determining the effective temperatures of celestial bodies. Supposing the sun to radiate like a ‘black’ body,..its ‘effective’ or ‘black’ temperature can be determined from the sum total of radiation sent to the earth (solar constant). 1924H. Dingle Mod. Astrophysics ix. 119 The wavelength of maximum energy, from which the effective temperature is determined. 1929R. A. Wardle Princ. Applied Zool. 197 There would seem to be for each species of insect a range of temperatures between whose maximum and minimum extremes the insect is active... This range of temperatures may be termed the range of Effective Temperatures. 1930Engineering 28 Nov. 671/1 The effective temperature of a room, that is to say, the temperature at which, in still air, a sizeable black body at standard temperature will lose heat at the same rate as it is being lost in its environment. 1957Encycl. Brit. XVII. 847F/2 The term ‘effective temperature’ was sometimes used to denote what we now call ‘colour temperature’. ‘Effective temperature’ is now used to denote the temperature of a black body for which the total emitted radiation..is the same as the total radiation..emitted from the surface of a star.
f. Philology. Denoting the completion or result of an action. Cf. effective n. 3.
1932Jrnl. Eng. & Germanic Philol. XXXI. 251 The latter class may be called the effective aspect: ‘His strength gave out’, i.e., he came to the end of his strength. 1970Language XLVI. 300 The -t forms were predominantly selected..for preterits in contexts suggestive of non-durative (‘effective’) aspect.
g. Optics. effective aperture, the diameter of the widest beam of light incident on an optical system that goes to form an image, whether formed at a principal focus or not.
1893Proc. R. Soc. LII. 412 The effective aperture of one or more of the various stops supplied with the lens is found by a well-known method. 1965M. J. Langford Basic Photogr. iii. 54 As the aperture closes the diameter of this incident light beam or ‘Effective Aperture’ narrows proportionally.
4. a. Powerful in effect; efficient, effectual.
1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xvii. lxxxiv. (1495) 654 Oleum iuniperium is most effectyf ayenst the Quartayn. 1836Random Recoll. Ho. Lords xvi. 402 He does not speak often; nor can he be considered an effective speaker. 1837Howitt Rur. Life (1862) i. iv. 30 Contributed to make these pursuits effective, elegant, and attractive. 1856Emerson Eng. Traits, Land Wks. (Bohn) II. 17 Its best admiral could not have..anchored it [England] in a more effective position. 1860Hawthorne Marb. Faun xliii. 338 An Italian comedy..effective over everybody's risibilities. 1879Froude Cæsar iv. 39 Fewer men, better trained and disciplined, could be made more effective.
b. Of works of art, literary compositions, etc.: Producing a striking impression; picturesque.
1853G. Johnston Nat. Hist. E. Bord. I. 107 The high bank..is..rendered effective by a perpendicular wall of naked sandstone. 1872Freeman Hist. Ess. 21 It is not one suited to produce any very effective romantic narrative. 1882Garden 18 Feb. 119/1 Varieties of Amarantus are..effective in the..garden.
5. a. Fit for work or service: chiefly of soldiers or sailors. (Also absol.; see B. 2.)
1684Scanderbeg Rediv. v. 105 Being not above 15 or 16000 Men Effective. 1701Lond. Gaz. No. 3733/4 The Imperial Army is said to consist of 44000 Effective Men. 1791Smeaton Edystone L. §295 The copper-smiths..were not likely very soon to be effective. 1865Carlyle Fredk. Gt. VII. xviii. i. 93 Army of 60,000 on paper; of effective more than 50,000.
b. effective charge: the expenditure upon effective forces, as distinguished, e.g., from that upon military pensions, retired pay, etc.
1848Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. 306 The whole effective charge of the army, navy, and ordnance, was about seven hundred and fifty thousand pounds.
6. a. Actual, de facto; existing in fact; that is{ddd}so far as the effect is concerned; opposed to potential, nominal.
1786Burke Art. W. Hastings Wks. 1842 II. 113 Afterwards displacing two effective governours..appointed by himself. 1790― Fr. Rev. 9 The collection of an effective and well-distributed revenue. 17..Bentham Levelling Syst. Wks. 1843 I. 361 Those..whose present fortunes are above the mark..would be but a small part of the real and effective losers. 1878Gurney Crystallogr. 39 Potential and not effective planes of symmetry.
b. effective money; also quasi-n. (see quot.).
1858Simmonds Dict. Trade, Effective, a term used in many parts of the Continent to express coin in contradistinction to paper money. Thus bills on Vienna are generally directed to be paid in effective.
B. n.
†1. An efficient cause. Obs. See A. 5.
1610Healey St. Aug. City of God xii. xxv. (1620) 442 Had the eye, the apple..their rotundity, not from any externall effectiue. 1686Goad Celest. Bodies i. i. 1 No less are they the due Effective of the former.
2. Mil.
a. An effective soldier. (See A. 5.) Usually pl.
1722Lond. Gaz. No. 6060/1 The Garrisons..consist of 1000 Effectives. 1809Wellington Let. in Gurw. Disp. IV. 478 An abstract..which shows the comparative numbers of effectives and total. 1876Bancroft Hist. U.S. VI. xxiv. 4 They counted nine thousand effectives.
b. collect. sing. The effective part of an army.
1885Standard 29 Oct. 5/5 The effective of the Turkish forces in the Balkan Peninsula now reaches 180,000 men.
3. An effective verb or an effective aspect or part of a verb. Cf. A 3 f.
1935Curme Gram. Eng. Lang. II. xii. 237 In duratives, ingressives, effectives..the present participle represents the act as incomplete. |
