| 释义 |
scintillation|sɪntɪˈleɪʃən|
[ad. L. scintillātiōn-em, n. of action f. scintillāre to scintillate. Cf. F. scintillation (Cotgr., 1611).]
1. a. The action of scintillating; emission of sparks or spark-like flashes of light.
1623Cockeram i, Scintillation, a sparkling. 1656Blount Glossogr., Scintillation, a sparkling up of fire, or new wine leaping in the glass. 1671J. Webster Metallogr. vi. 96 Coruscation, or scintillation, is a certain sign of Metals that are unripe. 1836Macgillivray Trav. Humboldt x. 125 The fire-balls seemed to explode, but the largest disappeared without scintillation. 1847De Quincey Sp. Mil. Nun §19 (1853) 59 The sudden scintillation from Kate's dress played upon by the morning sun. 1862Miller Elem. Chem., Org. 686 The red prussiate burns with scintillation when introduced into the flame of a candle.
b. An instance of this; a flash, a spark.
1643Sir T. Browne Relig. Med. i. §32 That is the Spirit of God, the fire and scintillation of that noble and mighty Essence, which is the life and radical heat of spirits. 1646― Pseud. Ep. v. ix. 247 Our Saviour, and the Virgin Mary..are commonly drawne with scintillations, or radiant Halo's about their head. 1791–2Cowper tr. Milton's Ode to his Father 22 Some scintillations of Promethean fire. 1866Tyndall Fragm. Sci. iii. (1876) 83 The heat there is competent to raise iron to a temperature at which it throws off brilliant scintillations. 1869Roscoe Elem. Chem. 39 Iron wire held in the flame burns with beautiful scintillations.
c. spec. The twinkling or tremulous motion of the light of the fixed stars.
1652Gaule Magastrom. xiii. 115 About the magnitude of the Stars... About their scintillation or their trepidation. 1789Maskelyne in Phil. Trans. LXXIX. 261 When I look at the brighter fixed stars, at considerable elevations,..they appear to me without scintillation. 1873Herschel Pop. Lect. Sci. vii. §101. 317 The twinkling of the stars and the changes of colour they exhibit during the different phases of their scintillations.
d. of the flashing of the eyes.
1838J. M. Wilson's Tales Borders IV. 175/1 While the fire flashed frae his ee in almost palpable scintillations o' fury. 1867R. Broughton Cometh up as Flower xxxvi, An angry scintillation flashes from Dolly's superb black eyes.
e. Nucl. Physics. A small flash of visible or ultraviolet light emitted by fluorescence in a phosphor when it is struck by a charged particle or high-energy photon.
1903W. Crookes in Science 26 June 1002/1 Bringing the radium nearer the screen the scintillations become more numerous and brighter. 1915Arch. Radiol. & Electro-therapy XX. 183 The phosphorescence observed by the naked eye is..found to consist of individual instantaneous flashes or ‘scintillations’, each produced by the impact of a single α particle. 1963B. Fozard Instrumentation Nuclear Reactors vi. 68 The scintillations must pass from phosphor to photocathode with minimum absorption at intervening surfaces. 1971Sci. Amer. June 61/2 The screen could be moved to intercept particles scattered at any angle, and the scintillations were counted one at a time with the aid of a low-power microscope.
2. fig. A flash, a brilliant display (of wit, of thought).
1751Johnson Rambler No. 141 ⁋7 A man who..dazzles the attention with sudden scintillations of conceit. 1821V. Knox Grammar Sch. 77 Displaying..scintillations of great genius. a1864Ferrier Grk. Philos. (1866) I. xii. 349 Every time his pages are turned they throw forth..new scintillations of thought. 1867L. M. Child Rom. Republ. xxiii. 282 These small scintillations of wit.
¶ Misused for scintilla.
1654H. L'Estrange Chas. I (1655) 5 Had he had the least scintillation of animosity, or majestick indignation. 1862Goulburn Pers. Relig. i. iii. (1871) 32 If the soul has the least scintillation of a desire to be holy. 1883S. C. Hall Retrospect I. 240 He..had not a scintillation of eloquence, and his manner was brusque.
3. attrib. and Comb. in Nucl. Physics, as scintillation fluid, scintillation method, scintillation screen; scintillation counter, a particle counter consisting of a scintillation detector and an electronic counting circuit; hence scintillation counting vbl. n.; scintillation detector, a detector for charged particles and gamma rays in which scintillations produced in a phosphor are detected and amplified by a photomultiplier, giving an electrical output signal; scintillation spectrometer, a form of scintillation counter with which the incident energy of the particle or gamma ray may be determined.
1948Physical Rev. LXXIII. 1406/1 We have prepared some transparent crystalline slabs of both materials, and their behavior as scintillation counters has been compared. 1968New Scientist 15 Aug. 338/2 The receiver consists of four scintillation counters, each shielded from the others and each covering a quadrant of the azimuth circle. 1975K. H. Goulding in Williams & Wilson Biologist's Guide to Princ. & Techniques Pract. Biochem. vi. 180 The fact that the pulse is directly related to the energy of the original radioactive event is a considerable advantage of scintillation counters over Geiger counters.
1949Nucleonics Oct. 30/2 During the past year the technique of scintillation counting has been considerably advanced and the applications to nuclear research have become widespread. 1979Nature 29 Mar. 410/1 Individual wood samples were finely chipped in preparation for chemical pretreatment and subsequent conversion to benzene for liquid scintillation counting.
1955A. E. S. Green Nuclear Physics v. 133 In recent scintillation detectors a photomultiplier is used to change the light pulse into a large burst of electrons. 1977Dædalus Fall 42 The detectors used in the balloon flights were mainly scintillation detectors, which are particularly useful for the detection of photons with energies greater than about 15 kev.
1979Scintillation fluid [see scintillation spectrometer below].
1909Proc. R. Soc. A. LXXXII. 496 For the observation of the reflected particles the scintillation method was used in all experiments. 1929Ibid. CXXIII. 375 An intense beam of α-particles of definite speed falls on a thin sheet of matter and the number of α-particles scattered through an angle of about 135° is counted by the scintillation method. 1953Gaynor & Zeppelin tr. Heisenberg's Nuclear Physics vii. 141 We shall begin with the instruments of detection and study. The oldest method is the scintillation method.
1938R. W. Lawson tr. Hevesy & Paneth's Man. Radioactivity (ed. 2) ii. 31 If we allow the α-particles from a point source to pass in a narrow pencil through thin metal foils,..and then to fall on a scintillation screen.., we find that a fraction of the α-rays is deflected through a small angle from their original direction. 1955W. Heisenberg in W. Pauli Niels Bohr 24 Schrödinger cannot hereby remove the element of discontinuity from the world, which is found everywhere in atomic physics (very obviously, for instance, on the scintillation screen).
1949Jordan & Bell in Nucleonics Oct. 38/1 The..fact that the amount of light emitted in each flash is very nearly proportional to the energy of the particle opens up the possibility of using the instrument for measurement of gamma- and beta-ray energies. We have developed such an instrument and call it a scintillation spectrometer. 1952Ann. Rev. Nucl. Sci. I. 226 A γ-ray scintillation spectrometer, in conjunction with a magnetic lens spectrometer, has proven very valuable in determining decay schemes and beta–gamma angular correlations. 1979Nature 25 Jan. 313/1 (caption) Radioactivity was assayed in a scintillation spectrometer after addition of 5 ml ACS scintillation fluid. |
