| 释义 |
phonon|ˈfəʊnɒn|
[f. phono- + -on1.]
1. Physics. A quantum or quasiparticle associated with compressional waves, such as sound or those in a crystal lattice.
1932J. Frenkel Wave Mech. vi. 267 It is possible to associate the acoustical waves with certain particles which we shall call ‘phonons’, and to replace the study of the heat oscillations forming these waves by the study of the motion of the corresponding ‘phonons’. [Note] It is not in the least intended to convey hereby the impression that such phonons have a real existence. 1953C. Kittel Introd. Solid State Physics v. 82 If the forces between atoms were purely harmonic, there would be no mechanism for collisions between different phonons, and the mean free path would be limited solely by collisions of a phonon with the crystal boundary, and by lattice imperfections. 1968C. G. Kuper Introd. Theory Superconductivity i. 2 In field-theoretical language the mechanism responsible for electrical resistance is scattering of electrons, with associated emission or absorption of quanta (‘phonons’) of the acoustic vibration field of the medium. 1969New Scientist 2 Jan. 32/3 They calculated that 100 W of the light were converted into coherent phonons. 1974H. E. Hall Solid State Physics ii. 67 It is often convenient to treat lattice vibrations in an analogous way, and introduce the idea of phonons of energy ħω as quanta of excitation of the lattice. Our normal modes are plane waves extending throughout the crystal lattice, and correspondingly the phonons are not localized particles. Ibid., Like photons, phonons are bosons and are not conserved.
2. Linguistics. In stratificational grammar, a phonetic feature which is capable of distinguishing phonemes. Cf. distinctive-feature s.v. distinctive a. 1 b. Hence phoˈnonic a.
1964S. M. Lamb in Romney & Andrade Transcultural Stud. in Cognition (Amer. Anthropologist: special publication) 60 The elementary units of which the phoneme, the morpheme, the lexeme, and the sememe are composed may be called the phonon, the morphon, the lexon, and the semon respectively. 1965Language XLI. 200 Units that Lamb calls ‘phonons’ but that I shall call distinctive features. 1966S. M. Lamb Outl. Stratificational Gram. ii. 29 The phononic alternation pattern specifies alternations involving phonological components. Ibid. iii. 57 The following symbols..may be used for hypophonemic signs, hypophonemes, and phonons. 1967C. F. Hockett Lang., Math. & Linguistics 83 The pair ‘pit’ and ‘bit’ attests to a minimal difference,..but that difference is between voicelessness and voicing, not between /p/ and /b/. We shall follow Lamb in calling the terms of such minimal differences phonons. 1969Language XLV. 300 The use of phonons in stratificational phonology is compared with the use of marked vs. unmarked features by transformationalists. 1975Amer. Speech 1972 XLVII. 248 In many, most, or all languages there are recurrent bundles of phonons which it is convenient to represent in a linear rotation by single letters. |
