| 释义 |
▪ I. viola1|ˈvaɪələ|
[a. L. viola violet.]
†1. The violet. Also fig. Obs. rare.
c1430Lydg. Minor Poems (1911) 300 Haile, fresshe Rose, planted in Iericho! Swettest viola, that neuer shal fade. c1480Henryson Fables, Lion & Mouse 16 The Rosis reid,..The Prymeros, and the Purpour Uiola.
2. A large genus of herbaceous plants of the order Violaceæ, including violets and pansies; a plant or species of this genus.
1731Miller Gard. Dict. [as Latin generic name, and so in many later Dicts.] 1843Penny Cycl. XXVI. 345/2 The principle..has been separated by Boullay from some species of Viola. Ibid., The capsule is like Viola. 1888Encycl. Brit. XXIV. 241/2 The violas are credited with powerful emetic and diuretic properties. 1904Westm. Gaz. 23 July 4/2 The Alpine viola, in wondrous shades of mauve and violet and purple, stands an inch above the grass.
b. A hybrid garden-plant of this genus, distinguished from the pansy by a more delicate and uniform colouring of the flowers.
1871Field II. 250/2 There is still a good early-flowering white Viola wanted. 1888Encycl. Brit. XXIV. 241/2 ‘Bedding violas,’ which differ from pansies in some slight technical details, have been raised by crossing V. lutea with V. calcarata. 1897Westm. Gaz. 22 Nov. 1/3 Patches of pale mauve and purple show where colonies of violas and pansies are in bloom.
attrib.1871Field II. 250/2 Another manifest want in the Viola tribe. 1896Daily News 22 June 3/5 Viola Show.—The first show of the National Viola Society was held on Saturday afternoon.
3. attrib. In chemical terms denoting substances derived from the violet or pansy.
1868Watts Dict. Chem. V. 1001 Violin, or Viola-Emetin, an emetic substance contained, according to Boullay, in all parts of the common violet. 1887Buck's Handbk. Med. Sci. V. 490/2 Little, if anything, of value has been found in pansy; a glucoside, violaquercitrin, of probably no active properties, and a little salicylic acid.
▪ II. viola2|vɪˈəʊlə|
[a. It. and Sp. viola, = F. viole viol n.1]
1. a. A four-stringed musical instrument slightly larger than a violin; the alto or tenor violin.
1797Southey Lett. Resid. Spain xv. 265 The King of Spain wished to hear his daughter play on the viola, and an express was..sent to Lisbon for her instrument! 1801Busby Dict. Mus., Viola, a tenor violin... The part it takes in concert is between that of the bass and the second violin. 1845E. Holmes Mozart 14 The father..took the bass part on the viola, Wenzl played the first violin, I the second. 1891Meredith One of our Conq. xxviii, Colney brought his viola for a duet.
attrib.1856Mrs. C. Clarke tr. Berlioz' Instrumentation 25 Viola players were always taken from among the refuse of violinists.
b. One who plays the viola.
1894Daily News 25 Apr. 5 Herr Ludwig Strauss, for many years viola in the quartet at the Monday Popular Concerts.
c. A variety of organ-stop.
1876J. Hiles Catech. Organ ix. (1878) 65 Viola, an open stop of narrow measure, and a particularly soft and agreeable..tone.
2. a. viola da (also di) gamba, = viol da gamba 1. Also viola da gambist, one who plays this, a viol da gambist.
1724Short Explic. For. Wds. in Mus. Bks., Viola Da Gamba, is the same as Viola Basso, or Bass Viol. 1787Ann. Reg., Chron. 210/1 The Viola di Gamba is not an instrument in general use; and will perhaps die with him, but his performance rendered it exquisitely charming. 1885Daily News 17 Aug. 6/1 (Stanf.), The early 18th century room contains the spinet, the viola da gamba, and the viola d'amore. 1977Early Music Apr. 274 For viola da gambists there will be individual tuition.
b. = viol da gamba 2.
1876J. Hiles Catech. Organ ix. (1878) 66 Viola di Gamba, or Gamba,..is of tin or metal, and the tone is soft, and somewhat cutting. 1889E. J. Payne in Grove Dict. Mus. IV. 267 Under the incorrect title of Viola da Gamba it designates an organ stop of 8 ft. pitch, with open pipes, in the choir organ.
3. viola d'amore (or † viola d'amour): see viol1 2 b.
1724Short Explic. For. Wds. in Mus. Bks., Viola D'Amour, a kind of Treble Viol, strung with Wire, and so called because of its soft and sweet Tone. 1885[see 2]. 1889Grove's Dict. Mus. IV. 267.
4. With other distinguishing terms: viola bastarda = lyra viol s.v. lyra 5; viola da braccio [lit. ‘of the arm’], any member of the violin family, as opposed to a viol da gamba; spec. an alto violin, a viola; viola pomposa, an 18th-cent. viola with an additional string.
1724Viola bastarda [see viol n.1 2 a]. 1980Early Music Apr. 250 (Advt.), The viola bastarda style of playing was a highly developed idiom that involved frequent changes of register.
1864Sandys & Forster Hist. Violin viii. 97 Vincentio Galilei, the father of the great astronomer, was an able writer on music, and in 1582 names the viola da braccio, which he says was called the lira not many years previously, the viola da gamba, and the violono, but not the violino. 1976D. Munrow Instruments Middle Ages & Renaissance 90/1 The name viola da braccio, which first occurs in 1543, was first used as a generic term like the older viola, but gradually came to refer to the members of the new violin family.
1864Sandys & Forster Hist. Violin xii. 164 John Sebastian Bach introduced an instrument he called the viola pomposa, in consequence..of the heavy style of violon⁓cello performers in his time. 1954Grove Dict. Mus. VIII. 810/1 Sanford Terry has shown that Bach's ‘viola pomposa’ was really the violoncello piccolo. 1976Gramophone Apr. 1607/2 The viola pomposa a cross between cello and a big Tertis-style viola, with a splendidly rounded sound. |
