| 释义 |
▪ I. heave, v.|hiːv|
Pa. tense and pple. heaved |hiːvd|, hove |həʊv|. Forms: 1 hebban, hæbban, 2–4 hebbe(n, 3–5 hefe(n, 3–6 heve(n, 6– heave; also 3 heoven, (3rd pres. sing. ind. hefð, hefieð), 4 heeve, 5 heff(e, 5–6 Sc. and north. heive, 6 Sc. heif. Pa. tense and pple.: see below.
[A Com. Teutonic strong vb.: OE. hębban (hęfþ), hóf, hafen (hæfen) = OFris. heva, hôf, heven (hevet), OS. hębbian (hęffian), hof (huof), haban (MLG. heven, hov, hafen, LG. hefen, heffen, hôf, hafen, MDu. heffen, hoef (hief, huef), gehaven, geheven, Du. heffen, hief, geheven), OHG. hęffen (hęvit), huob, haban (hapan) (MHG. heben (heven, hefen), huop, huoben, gehaben, also hebte, gehebt, mod.G. heben, hob, gehoben), ON. hefja, hóf, hafenn (Sw. häfva, hof, häfwen, and häfde, häfd, Da. hæve, hævde, hævd), Goth. hafjan, hôf, hafans:—OTeut. *hafjan, hôf (pl. hôƀun), haƀano-, corresp. to L. capĕre, capio, to take. Originally belonging to the same ablaut-series as shake, shave, but subseq. affected by many changes. The present stem hafj- had orig. a formative j (= L. -i- in cap-i-o), which caused umlaut of the stem vowel, giving OE. ę, ME. e, lengthened by position to ê, ea. The WGer. gemination of fj, giving bb in OS. and OE., affected all parts of the present stem, exc. 2nd and 3rd sing. pres. Ind. and sing. Imp., giving hębbe, hębbað, hębban, hębbende, beside hęfest, hęfeþ, hęfe. In ME. the bb forms were retained (in the south) till 14th c., but were at length everywhere reduced by levelling to f (later v). The pa. tense hóf came down as hove; but in ME. this was largely displaced by a type hæf, heaf, hêf, hêve, and another haf, have, both of which survived till 15th c. The OE. pa. pple. hafen was by the 12th c. abandoned for hofen (later hoven, hove), with o from the pa. tense; there are also traces of heven (cf. OFris. and Du.). But, beside these strong inflexions, there appeared also in late OE. (as in some of the other langs.) weak inflexions hefde, hefod; these gained ground in ME., and esp. in mod.Eng., in which heaved is now the general form, though hove remains in certain uses. The original sense, as evidenced by various derivatives, as well as by L. capĕre, was ‘take’, whence, through ‘take up’, came that of ‘lift, raise’, already developed in Com. Teut.
The close correspondence to Latin is seen in comparing capio, capis, capit, capiunt with OTeut. *hafjô, hafis, hafiþ, hafjanð, OLG. hebbiu, heƀis, heƀið, hebbiað, OE. hębbe, hęfes(t), hęfeþ, hębbað. Since heave is thus certainly cognate with capĕre, it must be originally quite distinct from have, if the latter is = L. habēre. The two verbs however come close together in various forms in most of the langs., and their derivatives have probably influenced each other, so that it is difficult in some instances to know whether these belong to hafjan ‘heave’ or haƀên ‘have’.]
A. Inflexional Forms.
1. Present tense stem (with consonant-exchange).
α Beowulf (Z.) 655 Ic hond and rond hebban mihte. a1225Ancr. R. 290 Uorte hebben up hire þreo uingres. 1297R. Glouc. (1724) 17 Þat an oþer hit scholde hebbe vn neþe. Ibid. 455 Our [= your] herten hebbeþ vp. c1380Sir Ferumb. 1248 Sche gan þo hebbe and pynge.
βc1000Ags. Ps. (Th.) lxxiii. 4 [lxxiv. 3] Hefe þu þine handa. c1200Ormin 11865 He wile hemm hefenn upp. a1225Ancr. R. 32 Hwon þe preost hefð up Godes licome. c1230Hali Meid. 25 Þat tu schuldest þin heorte heouen þiderward. 13..E.E. Allit. P. A. 472 Þy self in heuen ouer hyȝ þou heue. 13..Gaw. & Gr. Knt. 1346 And heuen hit vp al hole. a1400Prymer (1891) 65 Hefeth up ȝoure handes.
2. Past Tense. (α) 1–5 hóf, 3– hove; (3 pl. hofen, hoven, huven), 4 hoif, hoef, 6 Sc. huif, huve. (β) 2–4 hef, 3 hæf, heaf, heof, 4 heef, 5 heve; pl. 3 heven, hefven, heoven, 4–5 hevyn. (γ) 4–5 haf, 4 have. (δ) 1 hefde, 2–5 hevede, 4–6 heved, (Sc. 4 hewid, -it, heywit, 5 heyffyt, 6 huit), 6– heaved. (ε) 6 heft(e.
αc1000Ags. Ps. (Th.) cxxii[i] 1 To ðe ic mine eaᵹan hof. a1300Cursor M. 11114 Þis ilk was Ion..þat after⁓ward hof [v.r. hoif] iesu crist. Ibid. 28240 Childir þat ic houe o funt. c1400Destr. Troy 5259 [He] hof vp his hond. 1786tr. Beckford's Vathek 93 The surface hove up into heaps. 1872Blackie Lays Highl. 16 His prayerful hands he hove. [See also senses 20–22.]
βc1200Trin. Coll. Hom. 35 He..hef his honde. c1205Lay. 1914 He..him grimliche heaf [c 1275 heof]. Ibid. 16509 Aldolf..hæf [c 1275 hefde] hæhȝe his sweord. Ibid. 23195 Heo..hefuen hine to kinge. c1374Chaucer Boeth. i. pr. i. 2 (Camb. MS.) She hef hyr heued heyere. 13..Minor Poems fr. Vernon MS. liii. 262 Þen Susan..Heef hir hondus on hiȝ. c1420Chron. Vilod. 640 Þey..hevyn up þe ston.
γa1300Cursor M. 17913 (Gött.) Quen i haf [v.rr. haue, heef] þat sacles. c1340Ibid. 10479 (Laud) She hafe [v.rr. heef, lift] hir hondes vp. c1386Chaucer Knt.'s T. 1570 And Arcita anon his hand vp haf. c1430Pilgr. Lyf Manhode iii. i. (1869) 138 She haf it hye to hire tunge.
δc1000ælfric Gen. xlviii. 14 He hefde þa his swiþran hand ofer Ephraimes heafod. c1200Trin. Coll. Hom. 111 He dranc..and þarfore heuede siðen up þat heued. c1375Sc. Leg. Saints, Katerine 350 Þane hewid scho wpe bath hir handis. c1470Henry Wallace xi. 544 Þai..Heyffyt wp thar handis. c1489Caxton Sonnes of Aymon xvii. 392 He..heved his handes.
ε15..How marchande did his wyfe betray 42 in Hazl. E.P.P. I. 198 Tho..He heft hyt in hys purs. 1590Spenser F.Q. i. xi. 39 His raging blade he hefte. 1596Ibid. iv. iii. 12 The other halfe..Cambell fiercely reft, And backe at him it heft [rime cleft].
3. Past Participle. (α) 1 hafen, hæfen. (β) 2–4 hofen, 2–9 hoven, 4–5 hovin, -yn, -un, 4 ihove, 4– hove. (γ) 3 heven. (δ) 1 hefod, 2–5 heved, 3 iheved, (efed), 4 Sc. heywit, 5 hevyd, hewede, 6 heyved; 6– heaved, 7 heft.
αa1000Christ 651 He wæs upp-hafen engla fæðmum. a1000Andreas 1157 Þa wæs wop hæfen.
βc1200Trin. Coll. Hom. 167 Hie þis dai was houen in to heuene. a1300Cursor M. 17962 (Gött.) Houen [v.rr. hovyn, hofen] sal he be in flom iordane. 1303R. Brunne Handl. Synne 55 (Mätz.) Ȝyf a man have hove a chylde. 1382Wyclif Gen. xxiv. 63 Whan he had houun vp the eyen. 1599Broughton's Let. ii. 8 You are so houen and lifted vp. 1787Winter Syst. Husb. 162 To be hove out of the ground. 1853Felton Fam. Lett. i. (1865) 3 The ship was hoven to.
γa1300E.E. Psalter xii. 3 [xiii. 2] When sal mi fa heven over me be?
δc888K. ælfred Boeth. xxxvi. §2 Siððon þu ofer þone bist ahefod. c1200Trin. Coll. Hom. 111 Ure helende þe was þis dai heued on hegh. c1375Sc. Leg. Saints, Magdalena 926 And fand þe magdelane..He [high] heywit vpe with angel hand. 1382Wyclif Gen. xiii. 10 His eyen heued vp.
B. Signification.
I. Transitive senses.
1. To lift, raise, bear up. (Often with up.)
a. Formerly in general sense; now only arch. or dial.
971Blickl. Hom. 149 Hie hofan þa bære. c1000ælfric Hom. I. 516 Þæt hi ðe healdon, and on heora handum hebban. c1200Ormin 16705 All swa se Moysæs Hof upp þe neddre i wesste. a1350Childh. Jesus 102 (Mätz.) Josep..of þat best þat heo sat on Softeliche haf hire adoun. 1382Wyclif Gen. xiii. 14 Heue vp thin eyen. c1386Chaucer Prol. 550 Ther nas no dore þat he ne wolde heue of harre. 1470–85Malory Arthur xxi. iv, He swouned ofte tymes, and syr Lucan..and syr Bedwere oftymes heue hym vp. 1493Festivall (W. de W. 1515) 6 b, Heve up thy heed, & be mery. 1596Spenser F.Q. vi. viii. 10 His hand was heaved up on hight. 1639E. Spenser in Lismore Papers Ser. ii. (1888) IV. 75 He heaved vp his sticke with an intent..to haue strooken me. 1671Milton Samson 197 How could I once look up, or heave the head. 1702Pope Dryope 45 Her trembling hand she heaves To rend her hair. 1712J. James tr. Le Blond's Gardening 174 Moles..do a great deal of Mischief to the young Plants, in heaving the Earth. 1803Beddoes Hygëia x. 63 It pitched him between two walls, so close that he could not heave an arm. 1855Robinson Whitby Gloss., To Heave the Hand, to bestow charity in mites, amounting to little more than..the mere motion of the hand in the act.
b. In modern use: To lift with exertion (something heavy); to raise with effort or force; to hoist.
1715–20Pope Iliad ii. 250 Murmuring they move, as when old Ocean roars, And heaves huge surges to the trembling shores. 1793Smeaton Edystone L. §98 Our boat, which the seamen were heaving into the sloop, filled with water. 1863A. C. Ramsay Phys. Geog. xv. (1878) 236 For a space they have been heaved nearly on end. 1865Kingsley Herew. xix, Who heaved up a long twybill, or double axe.
c. absol.
1593Shakes. 3 Hen. VI, v. vii. 23 This shoulder was ordain'd so thicke, to heaue. 1607Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1658) 390 Of the Mole or Want..When they heave, they do it more for meat than for breath.
2. transf. and fig. To raise.
a. In various figurative senses directly related to 1.
a1000Cædmon's Exod. 573 Hofon here þreatas hlude stefne. c1000Ags. Ps. (Th.) xxiv. [xxv.] 1 To ðe ic hæbbe..min mod. c1205Lay. 11280 Scottes huuen up muchelne ræm. 13..E.E. Allit. P. A. 314 Man to god wordez schulde heue. a1375Lay Folks Mass Bk. App. iv. 552 Hef up ȝor hertes in-to heuen. a1400–50Alexander 3014 Ser Dary..Heuyd vp a huge ost. 1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 290 It is so violent, that it heueth and lyfteth vp the spiryt to god. 1824W. Irving T. Trav. II. 12 The resolution..heaved a load from off my heart. 1851W. Phillips Woman's Rights in Speeches (1863) 28 Strong political excitement..heaves a whole nation on to a higher platform of intellect and morality.
†b. To raise, exalt, lift up, elevate (in feeling, dignity, station, etc.); to extol. Obs.
c825Vesp. Psalter xcviii[i]. 9 Hebbað up dryhten god urne. c1200Trin. Coll. Hom. 213 He hefieð his lichame, and heneð his soule. c1205Lay. 23183 We scullen..hebben hine to kinge. a1225Ancr. R. 156 Heo schal..holden hire stille, & so hebben hire sulf buuen hire suluen. a1300K. Horn 1267 Þu me to kniȝt houe. a1400–50Alexander 3290 Oure lord..heues him to welthis. 1450–1530Myrr. our Ladye 290 Lorde thou art..heyued aboue all thynges wythouten ende. 1581G. Pettie Guazzo's Civ. Conv. i. (1586) 43 b, Ambition..heaveth those that followe it to the high degree of dignitie and honour. 1596Bp. W. Barlow Three Serm. i. 127 Rich men, who..haue bene houen and lifted vp with their heapes of riches. 1641Milton Ch. Govt. i. vi, For the prevention of growing schisme the Bishop was heav'd above the Presbyter.
†c. To set up, erect, institute. Obs.
c1200Ormin 16840 Þeȝȝ..hofenn þurrh hemm sellfenn upp..Settnessess.
†3. spec. To lift (a child) from the font (formerly the duty of a sponsor at baptism); to stand sponsor to; hence transf. to baptize, christen. Obs. (Ger. ein kind aus der taufe heben, med.L. levare de sacro fonte.)
c1200Ormin 10881 Whase shall i Crisstenndom Beon hofenn upp. 1303R. Brunne Handl. Synne 9698 Ȝe þat chyldryn heue, Ȝe shul nat forȝete ne leue, To teche hyt paternoster and crede. c1340Cursor M. 168 (Fairf.) Of baptist seynt Ioan þat ihesus hoef in flume Iordan. 1340Hampole Pr. Consc. 3126 When he was hoven at funtstane. 1480Caxton Chron. Eng. cxii. 94 Edelwold..prayd hym to heue a sone of his at fontstone. 1535Lyndesay Satyre 781 Wee mon all thrie change our names. Hayif me, and I sall baptize thee. 1571Satir. Poems Reform. xxviii. 39 Hammiltoun he me huif..Ane sorie Surname.
†b. transf. To present for confirmation. Obs.
c1315Shoreham 18 Hym selve no man hebbe schel To the bischoppynge..That hi ne hebbe hare oȝe child.
†4. To lift and take away, carry off, remove, convey. Obs.
a1240Lofsong in Cott. Hom. 205 Summe tide ich habbe iheued of oðer monnes mid woh and mid unriht. 1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) II. 153 Flemmynges..were ihoue þennes and i-putte to Hauerforde. c1440York Myst. xxx. 134 Heue me fro hyne. 1580Sidney Arcadia ii. xxviii. 31 Poems 1873 II. 72 Thy words..had almost heaued me Quite from my selfe. 1603Drayton Bar. Wars v. lii, His onely Daughter, whom (through false Pretext) Stephen, Earl of Bulloyn, from the kingdom heaves. 1648Milton Observ. Art. Peace (1851) 568 Since thir heaving out the Prelats to heave in themselves, they devise new ways [etc.]. 1649G. Daniel Trinarch., Hen. IV, cclxxxvi, To arrogate all Ill, They heave the Peerage; for that Pale throwne downe In breakes the Herd, to the vnfenced Crowne.
†b. Thieves' Cant. To ‘lift’, to rob. Obs.
1567Harman Caveat 84 To heue a bough, to robbe or rifle a boeweth. 1609Dekker Lanthorne & Candle-lt. C iij b, If we heaue a booth we cly the Ierke. 1673R. Head Canting Acad. 39 Heave a booth, to rob an house. Ibid. 78 They will not stick to heave a Booth; that is rob a Booth at a Fair. a1700B. E. Dict. Cant. Crew.
c. Mining and Geol. To move away or displace (a vein or stratum): said of another vein or stratum intersecting it.
1728Nicholls in Phil. Trans. XXXV. 403 The Load is frequently intercepted by the crossing of a Vein of Earth, or Stone..one Part of the Load is moved a considerable Distance to one Side..the Part of the Load which is moved, is, in their Terms, said to be heaved. 1758Borlase Nat. Hist. Cornwall ix. 157 Guessing..that the lode is heaved, or more properly speaking, started. 1815W. Phillips Outl. Min. & Geol. (1818) 163 North and south veins..always divide tin or copper veins, and generally alter their course; or in the language of the miner, heave them out of their place. 1884J. Prestwich Geol. I. 318 The ‘cross-courses’..are of later date than the veins which they frequently displace or heave.
†5. fig. To ‘move’; to rouse the feelings of, agitate; to urge, press. Obs.
c1400Destr. Troy 8962 Hit heuet hym hogely of þat hard chaunce. 1593Drayton Essex Wks. 1753 II. 616 The king to marry forward still I heave.
6. To cause to swell up or bulge out; to swell.
1573Tusser Husb. xlix. (1878) 108 Tom Piper hath houen and puffed vp cheekes, if cheese be so houen, make Cisse to seeke creekes. 1621Ainsworth Annot. Pentat. Lev. vi. 21 So fried that it may be hoven as with bubbles. 1730–46Thomson Autumn 923 Glittering finny swarms, That heave our friths, and crowd upon our shores. 1808Trans. Soc. Arts XXVI. p. vii, Cattle hoven or swollen by this disorder. a1825Forby Voc. E. Anglia s.v. Hoven, Cattle are hoven by eating too much green clover in a moist state..Turnips are hoven by rank and rapid growth in a strong wet soil.
7. To cause to rise in repeated efforts.
1612J. Taylor (Water P.) Wks. (1872) Introd. 12 The surges up and down did heave us. 1719Young Revenge i. i, O what a doubtful torment heaves my heart! 1810Scott Lady of L. ii. xxxiii, The death-pangs of long-cherished hope..Convulsive heaved its chequered shroud. 1832H. T. De la Beche Geol. Man. (ed. 2) 111 The water was observed..to be heaved up and agitated. 1836J. Gilbert Chr. Atonem. iii. (1852) 83 When pity is heaving his bosom with emotion. 1851Eliz. Wetherell Old Helmet xi. 201 The swelling tide of thought and emotion which heaved the whole assembly.
8. To utter (a groan, sigh, or sob; rarely, words) with effort, or with a deep breath which causes the chest to heave; to ‘fetch’.
1600Shakes. A.Y.L. ii. i. 36 The wretched annimall heau'd forth such groanes. 1605― Lear iv. iii. 27 Once or twice she heaved the name of father Pantingly forth. c1718Prior Answ. to Cloe 6 Heave thou no sigh, nor shed a tear. 1820W. Irving Sketch Bk. I. 343 He heaved a deep sigh. 1824S. E. Ferrier Inher. liii, ‘Miss Pratt!’ heaved the Earl.
intr. for pass.1821Clare Vill. Minstr. I. 166 Thy sigh soon heaves, thy tears soon start.
9. To throw, cast, fling, toss, hurl (esp. something heavy, that is lifted and thrown with effort). Now only Naut. and colloq.
a1592Greene Orpharion Wks. (Grosart) XII. 68 The Pirats had heaued me ouer boord. 1596Spenser F.Q. iv. iii. 12 The other halfe [of the spear]..Out of his headpeece Cambell fiercely reft, And with such furie backe at him it heft. 1627Capt. Smith Seaman's Gram. ix. 44 He that doth heaue this lead..doth sing fadome by the marke. 1663Gerbier Counsel 57 There is..so much Stone heaved thereon. 1725De Foe Voy. round World (1840) 116 They hove over their grappling in five fathom water. 1727–51Chambers Cycl., Heave, at sea, signifies to throw away, or fling, any thing, over-board. 1744M. Bishop Life & Adv. xxvi. 248 The Captain..by heaving the Lead found us to be but three Fathom Water. 1828Craven Dial., Heave, to pour corn from the scuttle before the wind instead of cleansing it by the fan. 1833Marryat P. Simple xiv, The body..was hove overboard. 1833M. Scott Tom Cringle xiv. (1859) 329 With a swing he hove the leathern noose at the skipper and whipped it over his head. 1863Kingsley Water Bab. i. (1889) 4 Tom was just hiding behind a wall, to heave half a brick at his horse's legs.
10. Naut. To haul up or raise by means of a rope; and, more generally, to haul, pull, draw with a rope or cable; to haul a cable; to weigh (anchor); to unfurl (a flag or sail; also, to heave out); to cause (a ship) to move in some direction, as by hauling at a rope (e.g. at the anchor-cable when she is aground, or at the sail-ropes so as to set the sails to the wind).
1626Capt. Smith Accid. Yng. Seamen 27 Heaue out your top-sayles, hawle your sheates. 1633T. James Voy. 95 We heau'd home our Anker. 1692Capt. Smith's Seaman's Gram. i. xvi. 77 To heave out the Flag, is to wrap it about the Staff. 1697Dryden æneid v. (1886) 109 With iron poles they heave her off the shores. 1711W. Sutherland Shipbuild. Assist. 161 To Heave, to hale or pull by turning round the Capstan. 1748Anson's Voy. ii. i. 112 The capstan was so weakly manned, that it was nearly four hours before we hove the cable right up and down. 1779Forrest Voy. N. Guinea 365 On the 23d, got a hauser..and hove the vessel off the ground. 1867Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., Heaving astern, causing a ship to recede or go backwards, by heaving on a cable or other rope fastened to some fixed point behind her. This more immediately applies to drawing a vessel off a shoal. 1893W. T. Wawn S. Sea Islanders 5 The anchor was hove up for good.
absol.1840Marryat Poor Jack xxvii, We hove up [i.e. the anchor] and made sail. 1856Kane Arct. Expl. II. xvi. 176 Poor fellows not yet accustomed to heave together. 1867Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., Heave and rally, an encouraging order to the men at the capstan to heave with spirit, with a rush, and thereby force the anchor out of the ground. Ibid., Heaving in, shortening in the cable.
II. Intransitive senses.
†11. To remove, shift to another place. Obs.
c1205Lay. 27490 Þa hæf þat fiht of þan studen þer heo ær fuhten.
†12. To be moved or agitated in mind; to feel vexation. Obs.
c1400Destr. Troy 12815 Hir hade leuer haue lost all hir lond hole..Thus heuet þat hynd to hir hede lord. Ibid. 13426 Pirrus heivet in hert for his hegh chaunse, And myche dut hym for deth of his derf graunser.
13. To rise, mount, come up, spring up. Now Obs. exc. in spec. uses: see following senses.
c1325Body & Soul 252 in Map's Poems (Camd.) 343/1 The hed haf up and the swire. c1385Chaucer L.G.W. 1196 Dido, And vp-on courseris..Hire ȝonge knyghtis houyn al a-boute. c1420Pallad. on Husb. x. 75 Out of molde er colde eek must hit heuen. 1638Suckling Goblins iv. (1646) 38 Pox on that noise, he's earth't, Prethee let's watch him and see Whether hee'le heave agen. 1725Pope Odyss. xxiii. 194 The huge trunc rose, and heav'd into the sky. 1808J. Barlow Columb. ii. 238 And temples heave, magnificently great. 1853Kane Grinnell Exp. xxxii. (1856) 279 This ice seems to heave up slowly against the sky.
b. heave and set: to rise and fall, as a floating object upon the waves.
1509Hawes Past. Pleas. xxi. i, Quadrant it was, and did heve and sette At every storme whan the wind was great. a1661B. Holyday Juvenal 232 Sometimes the one end..sometimes the other..is mounted-up by the waves; and this is called the heaving and setting of a ship. 1727–51Chambers Cycl. s.v., When a ship, being at anchor, rises and falls by the force of the waves, she is also said to heave and set. 1867in Smyth Sailor's Word-bk.
14. To rise above the general surface, or expand beyond the ordinary size; to swell up, bulge out.
1629Gaule Holy Madn. 94 Marke how he heaves, as though hee almost scorn'd to tread. 1655H. Vaughan Silex Scint. i. Rules & Lessons (1858) 73 True hearts spread and heave Unto their God. 1697Dryden Virg. Past. x. 109 Alders, in the Spring, their Boles extend; And heave so fiercely, that their Bark they rend. 1711Addison Spect. No. 127 ⁋2 Their Petticoats, which began to heave and swell before you left us, are now blown up into a most enormous Concave. 1750Gray Elegy iv, That yew-tree's shade, Where heaves the turf in many a mould'ring heap. 1850Jrnl. R. Agric. Soc. XI. i. 152 It [cheese] is too strong-tasted, and inclined to heave, or get hollow and full of eyes.
15. To rise with alternate falling, as waves, or an object floating on them, the breast in deep breathing, etc. Also fig.
1618J. Taylor (Water P.) Navy Land Ships Wks. (1872) 8 Ships do wallow and heave, and sit upon the sea. 1713Addison Cato iii. ii, My blood runs cold, my heart forgets to heave. 1746Wesley Princ. Meth. 46 His Breast heaving at the same Time, as in the Pangs of Death. 1827–35Willis Confessional 3 When heaved the long and sullen sea. 1850Tennyson In Mem. xi, Dead calm in that noble breast Which heaves but with the heaving deep. 1856Stanley Sinai & Pal. ii. (1858) 124 They actually heave and labour with the fiery convulsions that glow beneath their surface. 1884Expositor Mar. 207 The dangerous forces in a community which heaved with discontent.
16. To draw in the breath with effort; to pant, gasp.
1678Dryden & Lee Œdipus iv. i, While we fantastic dreamers heave and puff. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. iii. 756 He heaves for Breath; which, from his Lungs supply'd, And fetch'd from far, distends his lab'ring side. 1811W. R. Spencer Poems 21 And horse and horseman heave for breath.
17. To make an effort to vomit, to retch; fig. to feel loathing. Also trans., to heave the gorge.
1601[see heaving vbl. n.]. 1604Shakes. Oth. ii. i. 236 Her delicate tendernesse wil find it selfe abus'd, begin to heaue the gorge, disrellish and abhorre the Moore. 1755Johnson, Heave..4, to keck; to feel a tendency to vomit. 1868Atkinson Cleveland Gloss., Heave and throw, to retch and end by vomiting. 1894Mrs. E. Lynn Linton One too Many I. 120 It makes me heave to hear you.
†18. To make an effort to lift or move something; to push or press with force; to put forth effort, endeavour, labour, strive. heave at: to aim at, strive after. Obs.
c1374Chaucer Troylus ii. 1240 (1289) But þer-on was to heuen and to done. c1380Sir Ferumb. 1248 As sche wolde þe dore to-breke, sche gan þo hebbe and pynge. c1422Hoccleve Jereslaus' Wife 912 The wynd ful sore in the sail bleew & haf. 1535Coverdale Matt. xxiii. 4 But they them selues wil not heaue at them with one of their fyngers. 1674N. Fairfax Bulk & Selv. 121 It asks some time to heave or pend in, before it actually starts. 1742Young Nt. Th. vii. 399 Souls immortal must for ever heave At something great.
†b. heave at (fig.): to meditate or threaten an attack upon; to take up a position of hostility to; to oppose; to aim at with hostile intent. Obs. (Frequent in 17th c.)
1546Bale Sel. Wks. (Parker Soc.) 165 John Frith is a great mote in their eyes, for so turning over their purgatory, and heaving at their most monstrous mass or mammetrous mazan, which signifieth bread or feeding. 1592Nashe P. Penilesse (ed. 2) 15 a, He was spite blasted, heaued at, and ill spoken of. 1655Fuller Ch. Hist. iii. i. §22 His adversaries heaved at him, to cast him out of his Bishoprick. 1674P. Walsh Quest. conc. Oath Alleg. Pref., Then they shrewdly heav'd at me again.
19. To pull or haul (at a rope, etc.); to push (at the capstan so as to urge it round and haul in the cable); to move the ship in some direction by such means; of the ship, to move or turn in some direction.
1626Capt. Smith Accid. Yng. Seamen 27 Break ground or way Anchor, heaue a head. 1727–51Chambers Cycl. s.v., To heave at the capstan signifies to turn it about. 1749Naval Chron. III. 88 Did you observe her heave up in the wind? 1794Rigging & Seamanship II. 338 The chaser heaves about as soon as the vessel he is in pursuit of is on his beam. 1853Kane Grinnell Exp. (1856) 513 Heaving ahead between an iceberg and a heavy field of ice. 1867Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., Heave about, to go upon the other tack suddenly. Ibid., Heaving ahead, is the act of advancing or drawing a ship forwards by heaving on a cable or rope made fast to some fixed point before her.
transf.1857Hughes Tom Brown ii. vi, Make the most of it; heave ahead, and pitch into me right and left. 1881Rossetti Ball. & Sonn. (1882) 293 Then one great puff of wings, and the swarm heaves Away with all its din.
III. Phrases.
20. From senses 10 and 19: to heave a-peak: see quots. and a-peak. to heave (the ship) in stays: to bring her head to the wind in tacking; also intr. of the ship. to heave short: ‘to heave in on the cable until the vessel is nearly over her anchor’ (Smyth). to heave taut: to heave at the capstan until the cable is taut.
1726G. Shelvocke Voy. round World 19 Which done, I hove apeak on my anchor. 1727–51Chambers Cycl. s.v. Peek, The ship being about to weigh, comes over her anchor, so that the cable hangs perpendicularly between the hause and the anchor; the bringing of a ship into which position they call heaving a-peek. 1769Falconer Dict. Marine (1776), Heaving-short. Ibid., Heaving-taught. 1795Nelson 13 Mar. in Nicolas Disp. II. 14 At one PM the Frigate hove in stays and got the Ça Ira round..As soon as our after-guns ceased to bear, the Ship was hove in stays. 1832Marryat N. Forster xi, The frigate [was] unmoored, and hove ‘short stay a-peak’. 1839― Phant. Ship xviii, They had laid an anchor out astern, and hove taut. 1893W. T. Wawn S. Sea Islanders 88 Towards sundown, the chain was hove short.
b. heave down: to turn (a ship) over on one side by means of purchases attached to the masts, for cleaning, repairing, etc.; to careen. (Also intr. of the ship.) The part thus raised above the water is said to be hove out.
1745P. Thomas Jrnl. Anson's Voy. 271 They could not..use it as a Help for heaving down by. 1748Anson's Voy. i. v. 55 The Commodore..ordered the Tryal to be hove down. Ibid. ii. iii. 140 There are two coves..where ships may conveniently heave down. Ibid. iii. vii. 367 They..hove out the first course of the Centurion's starboard side, and had the satisfaction to find, that her bottom appeared sound and good. 1769Falconer Dict. Marine U u ij, To heave down or careen a ship. 1798Nelson 7 Sept. in Nicolas Disp. III. 116 The place where large ships heave down. 1836E. Howard R. Reefer liv, The ship had been hove down.
c. heave to: to bring the ship to a standstill by setting the sails so as to counteract each other; to make her lie to. (a) trans. with the ship as obj. (b) intr. or absol.
a.1775Dalrymple in Phil. Trans. LXVIII. 397 Hove the ship to. 1833M. Scott Tom Cringle xv. (1859) 357 ‘Shorten sail..and heave the ship to’, said the Captain. 1884A. Brassey in Gd. Words Mar. 163/1 We remained hove-to all the next day.
fig.1887Stevenson Misadv. J. Nicholson iv, [He] was at last hove-to, all standing, in a hospital.
b.1781Blagden in Phil. Trans. LXXI. 337 Soon afterwards we hove-to in order to sound. 1835Sir J. Ross Narr. 2nd Voy. vi. 79 This obliged us to heave to. 1860Maury Phys. Geog. Sea xix. §807 Took in fore and mizen top-sails; hove to under close-reefed main top sail and spencer.
transf.1832Marryat N. Forster iii, We must ‘heave-to’ in our narrative awhile.
21. intr. (from sense 13.) heave in sight: to rise into view, become visible, come in sight, as an object at sea when approaching or approached; hence (colloq.) transf. in general sense.
1778J. Sullivan in Sparks Corr. Amer. Rev. (1853) II. 205 Those ships were out of sight yesterday morning, but I hear they afterwards hove in sight again. 1816‘Quiz’ Grand Master i. 24 The Table-mountain heaves in sight. 1830Galt Lawrie T. iii. ix. (1849) 115 A most tremendous he⁓bear hove in sight. 1874Green Short Hist. v. §1. 223 The great Spanish ships heave in sight, and a furious struggle begins. 1878R. B. Smith Carthage 103 They hove in sight of the enemy..to the west of the promontory of Ecnomus.
▪ II. heave, n.|hiːv|
[f. prec. vb.]
1. a. An act of heaving, in various senses; a lift; an effort to lift or move something, a push, shove, pressure; a swelling or rising up; rhythmical rising (and falling), as of waves, the breast, etc.; the utterance of a sigh, etc. with a deep breath; an effort to vomit; a throw, cast. heave of the sea: the force exerted by the swell of the sea in quickening, retarding, or altering a vessel's course.
a1571Jewel On Thess. iv. 6 When his heaves renew, the heat increaseth, his heart panteth. 1602Shakes. Ham. iv. i. 1 There's matters in these sighes. These profound heaues You must translate. 1612–15Bp. Hall Contempl., O.T. xx. viii, Judah was at a sore heave. 1640tr. Verdere's Rom. of Romants III. 188 The Gyant..gave him such twitches, and terrible heaves, that he had..like to have overthrown him. 1663Butler Hud. i. i. 411 After many strains and heaves, He got up to his Saddle Eaves. 1684T. Burnet Th. Earth i. 186 Only to have given it an heave at one end, and set it a little to rights again. a1734North Lives II. 59 Divers heaves were made at the Duke of Lauderdale. 1755Johnson, Heave..3. Effort to vomit. 1833C. Sturt 2 Exped. S. Australia II. 164 [A channel] so narrow that we passed over it between the heaves of the lead. 1834M. Scott Cruise Midge (1863) 18 The vessel rolled about on the heave of the sea. 1877Spurgeon Serm. XXIII. 140 It took them a long pull and a great heave to haul the uncomely lump of marble into its place. 1893Stevenson Catriona 296 There went through me so great a heave of surprise that I was all shook with it.
†b. heave and shove: fig. great exertion or effort. Obs.
1600Holland Livy iv. xxv. 155 They obtained at length with much heaue and shoue, that there should be militarie Tribunes chosen. 1612Drayton Polyolbion iv. 56 Mongst Forrests, Hills, and Floods, was ne're such heaue and shoue Since Albion weelded Armes against the sonne of Ioue.
c. Wrestling. A chip performed by bringing the right arm round the opponent's right shoulder preparatory to a throw. Cornwall heave, a heave in which a wrestler places one hand in front and one behind his adversary, and falls with him.
1889W. Armstrong Wrestling 224 The Heave, Cornwall and Devon. Ibid. 230 The principal Cornish and Devon chips are..the Back-heave, the Belly-heave, the Heaving-toe. 1898Encycl. Sport II. 548/2 One way to stop the heave is to cross click your man and then ply the crossbuttock.
2. Mining and Geol. A horizontal displacement or dislocation of a vein or stratum, at a ‘fault’.
1801Chron. in Ann. Reg. 436 The heave of the copper lode is about eighteen or twenty inches to the right, in the language of the Cornish miner. 1874J. H. Collins Metal Mining 30 These heaves..are sometimes of great extent, occasionally as much as 70 fathoms. 1882Geikie Text Bk. Geol. (1885) 514 Sections to show the variation of horizontal displacement or Heave of Faults. 1890Goldfields Victoria 12 The reefs here have taken a north-west ‘heave’.
3. pl. A disease of horses, in which the breathing is laborious; broken wind.
1828Webster, Heaves. 1837–40Haliburton Clockm. (1862) 86, I blow like a horse that's got the heaves. 1855― Nat. & Hum. Nat. II. 122 It gave him the heaves..it made his flanks heave like a blacksmith's bellows.
4. concr. A raised place; a swelling, an undulation. nonce-use.
1882G. Macdonald Warlock o' Glenwarlock (Cent.), Crossing a certain heave of grass.
5. Comb.: heave-gate local, a gate which is opened by being lifted out of the sockets or mortises.
1736Pegge Kenticisms (1876), Heave-gate, when the rails, with the pales nailed to them, may be taken out of their mortises, and then put in again. 1876in G. L. Gower Surrey Provincialisms. 1887I. R. Lady's Ranche Life Montana 27, Instead of gates out here, they generally have bars, which you have to let down,..like the ‘heave gates’ in Sussex. 1907‘J. Halsham’ Lonewood Corner 149, I perched myself on the heave-gate between the two fields. 1959F. Donaldson Child of Twenties vii. 107 A very easy hunting country, mainly a question of jumping the local Sussex heave-gates and small fences.
Add:[5.] heave compensator Oil Industry, a device designed to eliminate the effects of swell on offshore installations.
1975Offshore Progress—Technol. & Costs (Shell Internat. Petroleum Co.) 6 The recently developed *heave compensator, a hydraulic supporting system located on the rig itself. 1981Offshore Mar. 120/2 To decrease downtime during drilling in adverse weather a new heave compensator has been designed with an increased length of stroke. |
