| 释义 |
▪ I. corbel, n.|ˈkɔːbəl|
Also 4 ? corbyal, 5–7 corble, 5–9 corbell, 6 corbal, 7 -il(l
[a. OF. corbel, now corbeau:—late L. corvell-um (nom. -us), dim. of corvus raven.
The architectural application of the term began in Fr., in which there are other senses transferred from that of raven or raven's beak. Hatzfeld, Dict. Général, says that the architectural corbel was originally cut slantwise (taillé en biseau), so that its profile would be beak-like. (The assumption in some English dictionaries that corbel is to be identified with F. corbeille a basket, is entirely erroneous.)]
†1. A raven corbel's fee: part of a deer taken in hunting, left for the ravens; cf. corbin-bone, raven-bone. Obs.
c1325E.E. Allit. P. B. 456 He watz colored as þe cole, corbyal vntrwe. c1340Gaw. & Gr. Knt. 1355 Þe corbeles fee þay kest in a greue.
2. Arch. A projection of stone, brick, timber, iron, or other constructional material, jutting out from (not merely attached to) the face of a wall, to support a superincumbent weight.
As defined by the French architects, a corbel has parallel sides perpendicular to the surface of the wall, and must project farther than its own height. (Cf. console.)
Some English writers use the term more loosely, so as to include e.g. the tapering projection sustaining the ribs of a vault called by the French culot or cul de lampe, and specially excluded by Viollet-le-Duc and Bosc from their definition of corbeau.
In English, the term appears to have been purely technical, until caught up by Sir Walter Scott; his ‘corbels carved grotesque and grim’ have taken hold of the popular fancy, and associated the word with the notion of grotesque ornamentation; but a corbel is not an ornament, nor does ornamentation enter into its essential character.
a1400in Arnolde Chron. (1811) 138 Yf they bee affixed wt morter or lyme..as forneis, leedis, caudorns, chemyneis, corbels, pauemettis, or such other. [1419Liber Albus (Rolls) I. 326 De Corbellis et Trabibus.] c1440Promp. Parv. 92 Corbell of a roffe, tigillus. 1481–90Howard Househ. Bks. (Roxb.) 304 To Holbeke for makyng of the corble of the gret led iiij.d. 1513Douglas æneis ii. ix. [viii.] 46 Round all about quhar the jonyngis war worn, Redy to fal, and corbalis all to torne. 1570Levins Manip. 55 A corbel, post, mutulus. 1580Hollyband Treas. Fr. Tong, Vne pierre qu'on appelle Corbeau sortant de la muraille..a corbell, a stone set out of a wall to beare weight on. 1617Minsheu Ductor, A Corbell, Corbet, or Corbill in masonrie, is a iutting out like a bragget or shouldering peece in timber-worke, à [F.] Corbeau, i. Lat. corvus. 1805Scott Last Minstr. ii. ix, The corbels were carved grotesque and grim. 1837Howitt Rur. Life vi. xvi. (1862) 584 The massy font, the grim, grotesque human heads for corbels. 1839J. Yeowell Anc. Brit. Ch. xii. (1847) 132 Two human heads on the corbels of the arch. 1849Parker Goth. Archit. (1861) 243 Corbel, a projecting stone to carry a weight, usually carved. 1862Rickman Goth. Archit. 206 The dripstone..is in general..supported by a corbel, either of a head or a flower. 1862Macm. Mag. Apr. 531 On massive corbels, projecting from the fronts of the piers, there are placed the statues of the great men. 1881Mechanic §736 Brackets, or corbels as they are sometimes called, are often taken advantage of to enrich the building..by ornamenting them with carving or sculptured work.
b. A short timber laid upon a wall, pier, or other bearer, longitudinally under a beam or girder, to shorten its unsupported span and give a better bearing upon the wall or pier. Also corbel-block.
1703Moxon Mech. Exerc. 159 Corbel, a piece of Timber set under another piece of Timber, to discharge its Bearing. 1820Fredgold Carpentry (1853) 187 A tie-beam plate..placed under the tie-beam, forming thus a corbel. 1873Whipple Bridge Building 292 A small bolster, or corbel block, under the chord at the end, affords some protection at the weak point in the chord.
¶ Erroneously alleged in many dictionaries to be ‘used by some architects’ for ‘A niche or hollow in a wall, to contain a statue, bust, etc.’ An entirely baseless statement, taken over from corbet.
1695Kennett Par. Antiq. Gloss. s.v. Corbet-Stones. 1706 in Phillips (Kersey). 1727–51in Chambers Cycl. s.v.; thence in Johnson and modern Dicts.; also c1800A. J. Cook New Builder's Dict. 1835P. Nicholson Arch. Dict. I. 291.
¶ Misused for F. corbeille: see corbeil.
In Cook and Nicholson as above.
3. Comb., as corbel-block: see 2 b.; corbel-head, a head carved on a corbel; corbel-piece = corbel; corbel-step, a conjectural substitute for corbie-step; corbel-stone, a stone forming a corbel; corbel-table, a projecting course resting on a series of corbels; corbel-tabling, corbel-tables collectively.
1848Hadfield Eccl. Archit. Eng. 11 Figs. 6 and 7, represent the side and front face of a *corbel-head. 1862Rickman Goth. Archit. 289 In a few instances a return is used instead of the common corbel-head.
1850T. Inkersley Rom. & Pointed Archit. France 338 Projecting canopies corresponding to the *corbel-pedistals below.
1819P. Nicholson Arch. Dict. I. 291 *Corbel-Steps, those steps to be observed in the gables of some old buildings. 1885Century Mag. XXIX. 876/1 The top of the gable wall was notched into corbel steps.
1425in Kennett Par. Antiq. II. 254 Aptanti et facienti xviii *corbel-stonys ponendis in prædicto muro. 1628Vestry Bks. (Surtees) 298 Felleting the portchis with lime, and putting in a corble ston. 1866R. Chambers Ess. Ser. ii. 110 On the lowest corbel-stone..my eye..detected the date 1591.
1447–8Will Hen. VI, in Willis & Clark Archit. Hist. Camb. I. 369 In height cxx fete vnto the *corbel table. 1849Freeman Archit. 179 The eaves..rest commonly on small arcades or corbel-tables without shafts. 1862Rickman Goth. Archit. 442 A row of corbels carrying the projecting eaves of the roof is called a corbel-table.
1848B. Webb Contin. Ecclesiol. 573 Chigiogna has a modernized church but retaining some *corbel-tabling. 1879Sir G. G. Scott Lect. Archit. II. 131 The windows of the triforium gallery, with the corbel tabling over them, still remain.
▪ II. corbel, v.|ˈkɔːbəl|
[f. corbel n.]
to corbel out or corbel off: a. trans. to support in a projecting position on or as on corbels; b. intr. to project on or as on corbels.
1859Sat. Rev. VII. 681/1 A very wide..chancel-arch, of which the shafts are corbelled off. 1861A. Beresford-Hope Eng. Cathedr. 19th C. 206 [The organ] boldly corbelling out from the choir triforium on the north side. 1874J. T. Micklethwaite Mod. Parish Ch. 66 [The organ] corbeled out over head. |
