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-ward
suffix, OE. -weard, primarily forming adjs., with the sense ‘having a specified direction’, corresponds to OFris. -ward, OS. -ward, -werd, OHG., MHG. -wart (as in heimwart adj., homeward):—OTeut. *-warđo-, f. *warđ- abl.-var. of *werþ-:—pre-Teut. *wert- to turn (= L. vertĕre); in the suffix the primary sense of the root is preserved, though the strong verb *werþan has only the derived sense ‘to become’ (see worth v.); cf. the L. -versus (a ppl. formation from the same root), which in sense coincides with OTeut. *-warđo-. Two other suffixes precisely identical in function with *-warđo-, but representing different grades of the root, are: OTeut. *-werþo-, in Goth. -wairþ-s, ON. -verð-r, OHG. -wert (MHG. and mod.G. only in the adverbial -wärts: cf. -wards), OFris. -wirth; and OTeut. *-urđo- in ON. -urð-r, OHG. -ort; neither of these types is found in OE.
The pronunciation of the suffix when attached to a monosyllable is |wəd|; for the occasional colloquial shortening see W (the letter). Following one or more unstressed syllables it is usually sounded |wɔːd|.
Down to the 16th c. the suffix occasionally appears with irregular spellings, as warde, -werd, -word, -whard; the form -wart in Sc. and northern dialects represents a pronunciation still heard.
1. The suffix was originally appended only to local advs., and in OE. was still confined to this use. The adjs. in -weard usually denoted direction of movement, but many of them could also be used to designate aspect or relative position; in this function they often occur in partitive concord: e.g. foreweard must often be translated ‘front or first part of’. (With regard to the adjs. originating in mod.E. from advs. in -ward, see 5 below.)
2. The OE. adjs. in -weard, like the corresponding words in the other Teut. langs., admitted of being used adverbially in the accus. (OE. -weard) or in the genitive (OE. -weardes) of the neut. sing. (For the history of the genitival advs. see -wards.) The advs. in -weard found in OE. are all (exc. hámweard homeward) advb. forms of adjs. actually recorded in the language, and the first element is always a local adv. (hámweard being not really an exception). On the analogy of the older advs. with this suffix, there were formed in ME. several compounds in which -weard was added to advs., esp. to compound advs. of phrasal origin, as in abackward, adownward, awayward, aboutward, againward, aforeward; the first three of these were soon displaced by the aphetic forms backward, downward, wayward.
3. In OE. the adv. tóweard was used also as a prep., with the sense ‘in the direction leading to’. In early ME. † fromward acquired a similar prepositional use, and later there are isolated examples of this development of function in some other advs. in -ward (e.g. inward, onward) of which the first element is an adverb-preposition expressing movement.
4. The type of expression represented by the (now obsolete or archaic) forms ‘to heavenward(s’, ‘to the city ward(s’, ‘to us-ward’, and the (wholly obsolete) forms ‘from..ward(s’, is commonly spoken of as a ‘tmesis’ of the preps. toward(s, † fromward(s. This is convenient as a description of its function, but is not historically correct.
In reality, the practice of attaching the suffix (which thereby assumes more or less the character of a separate adv.) to a phrase consisting of a n. or pronoun governed by a prep. must be older than the development of the advs. toward(s and fromward(s into preps. In OE., though no prep. *wiðweard is known to have existed (cf. wiðerweard adj., adverse), there are many examples in which wið..weard is virtually a prep. governing the interposed word in the genitive (this being the case governed by wið). Although in OE. tó and wið are the only preps. that are recorded in this use, it is significant that in MHG. and in early mod.Ger., while no compound preps. with -wart, -wärts existed, these suffixes were added to phrases consisting of a n. or pronoun governed by a prep. (chiefly zu, nach, gegen; also von corresponding to ME. from in from..ward). In this use, however, they wre commonly treated not as suffixes but as advs., and written as separate words. In English also ward in this construction (which is now archaic) is sometimes apprehended as a separate adv., and so written. But it is usually felt as forming a compound with the governed n. When the n. is qualified by the definite article, as in ‘to the heavenward’, there is a tendency to interpret the compound as a n. or an adj. used absol., because of the apparent analogy of expressions like ‘to the eastward’. Where the definite article was absent, the compound came to be regarded as an adv.; the prefixed to therefore became otiose, and therefore went out of use.
5. On the analogy of the advb. compounds originating from the omission of to (e.g. heavenward adv. from to heaven ward), the suffix has in the mod.Eng. period been added freely to ns. (including proper names) to form advs. expressing direction, aspect, or tendency. From the 16th c. onwards there has been a growing disposition to use the advs. in -ward as adjs.; in the 19th c. or the last years of the 18th c. several new adjs. of this formation appear for the first time: e.g. earthward, heavenward, Godward, manward, skyward; these, however, have been confined to literary use.
6. Examples of to..ward, till..ward (north. dial.), into..ward, unto..ward.
a. with proper name, or n. without determining word. For other instances see bedward, churchward, deathward, earthward, godward, heavenward, hellward, manward.
c1000ælfric Hom. (Thorpe) I. 336 He..hine..bær to mynstreweard. a1122O.E. Chron. (Laud MS.) an. 1052 Ᵹewendon heom þa to Norðmuðan, & swa to Lundene weard. a1300K. Horn 1180 Ifond horn child stonde To schupeward in londe. 13..Coer de L. 2452 King Richard Came sailing to Acres-ward. 1377Langl. P. Pl. B. xiv. 308 He tempreth þe tonge to treuthe ward. 1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) V. 175 Julianus wente into Perseward. 1448J. Shillingford Lett. (Camden) 37 Y mette with my lorde atte high table ende comyng to meteward. 1482Cely Papers (Camden) 91 And the xj day I wndyrstond ȝe pwrpose to Bregyswhard. a1500Nutbrowne Maide xix. in Arnolde's Chron. (1502) O j b, To wood ward wyl I flee. 1523Ld. Berners Froiss. I. lxxxvi. 108 Dyuers lordes and knyghtes of France were goyng into Spayne warde. 1526Tindale 2 Cor. i. 16 To have bene ledde forth to Jewry warde of you. 1549Coverdale etc. Erasm. Par. Rom. vii. 13–18 The one..is wholly gyuen to synne, the other..laboureth to honestie⁓warde. 1571Golding Calvin on Ps. iv. 2. 10 As to David⁓ward, the solution is easye. 1601W. Parry Trav. Sir A. Sherley 30 The Emperor of Rusciaes country to Persia ward. 1647Trapp Marrow Gd. Authors in Comm. Ep. 619 The despensation of the grace of God is given us to others-ward. 1889N.W. Linc. Gloss. (ed. 2) Toward. The word is often divided thus: He lives to Grimsby ward noo. She's goän to Lunnun ward.
b. with n. determined by article or otherwise.
⁋In quot. 1523, on is used instead of to or into (after a verb of motion).
c1000ælfric Saints' Lives xxxi. 78 [He] het þæt he biheolde to his drihtne werd. a1122O.E. Chron. (Laud MS.) an. 1048, Ða..wendon him þa up to þære burᵹe weard. c1340Hampole Pr. Consc. 1407 Til our contre-warde. c1375Sc. Leg. Saints xxx. (Theodera) 462 Scho with camelis and cart held on to þe merkat wart. c1386Chaucer Miller's T. 386 Unto the gardynward. c1400Lanfranc's Cirurg. 161 Þe herte..hangiþ sum-what to the liftsideward. 1412–20Lydg. Chron. Troy i. 4045 Whan he cometh to-our-schippisward. 1480Caxton Chron. Eng. cxlix. i 1 b, Whan the tydynge come to the pope,..tho was he to the kyngward ful wroth. 1523Ld. Berners Froiss. I. cxxxiv. 66 Assone as the skirmyssh was begon, he toke his horse with the spurres & came on the skirmysshe warde. 1526Tindale Mark xiv. 8 She cam afore honde to anoynt my boddy to his buryinge warde. a1547Surrey æneis ii. 303 Thus slided through our town The subtil tree, to Pallas temple ward. 1609Dowland Ornith. Microl. 40 A Quauer is a figure like a Crochet, having a dash to the right hand-ward. 1644H. Manwayring Sea-mans Dict. 71 If her sterne lie towards the sea, we say her sterne lies to the off-ward, and her head to the shore-ward. 1653H. Cogan tr. Pinto's Trav. v. 195 This Pilot desiring to avoid certain sands that were to the Prow-ward of him, put forth to sea. 1884W. Black Jud. Shakespeare xxxi, Casting his eyes to the isleward.
c. with pronoun, me, thee, etc. Now only arch.
c1250Owl & Night. 375 Ȝif hundes urneþ to him ward. c1250Gen. & Ex. 2726 To hemward swide he lep. 1338R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 170 Bi tyme turne to me ward, for I wille speke with þe. c1374Chaucer Troylus iv. 1666, I shal so doon..That ay honour to me-ward shal rebounde. 1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) VI. 413 Elfleda..regnede in al Mercia, outtake Londoun and Oxenforde, þe whiche þe kynge hylde to hymselfward. 1441Plumpton Corr. (Camden) p. lvi, He, with officers of the said forest, rode to themward in all that they might pricke. 1448Paston Lett. Suppl. (1901) 19 His master was at Causton to yow ward. a1533Ld. Berners Huon lxxxii. 254 He tournyd his face to her warde. 1540Palsgr. Acolastus iii. ii. O ij, She..seketh out the way to vs warde. 1571Golding Calvin on Ps. lxiv. 12. 240 God wilbe the same to themward, that he shewed himself to be towards his servant David. 1576Fleming Panopl. Epist. 16 Of whiche your bountie to him warde I am a witnesse. 1593R. Harvey Philad. 71 Coil..brought the peoples goodwill into such a wheele, and so turned it to himselfeward, that [etc.]. 1611Bible 2 Cor. xiii. 3 Since ye seeke a proofe of Christ speaking in me, which to you-ward is not weake, but is mightie in you. 1632J. Hayward tr. Biondi's Eromena 14 The subtile Lady Admirall (who was long before aware of the Prince's love to her-ward). 1674N. Fairfax Bulk & Selv. 180 Then I think he will have set before us such a Hoghen moghen Leviathan, that that of Holy Job would be but a kind of Spratkin to it ward. 1738Wesley Hymns, ‘Dear Lord, my thankful Heart receives’ iii, Thine Eyes to me-ward ever turn. 1830Coleridge Let. to Mrs. Gillman Lett. (1895) II. 754 An anxious friend and tender sister to me-ward! 1848Lowell Biglow P. iii. Let. 4 Nov. 1847, When rumor pointed to himward. 1901Hardy Poem, To an Unborn Pauper Child, No hint of mine may hence To theeward fly.
†7. Examples of from..ward, fro..ward. Obs.
See also fromward C 1 b.
c1220[see froward C b.] c1340Hampole Pr. Consc. 7281 Þe ded..Salle ay þan fle fra þam-ward. c1386Chaucer Prol. 397 Ful many a draughte of wyn had he ydrawe Fro Burdeuxward whil that the chapman sleepe. c1440Alphabet of Tales 285 He mett his wife fro þe kurkward. 1495Act 11 Hen. VII c. 9 §2 Leasses..for the which noe such suertie shalbe hadde..[shall] stand from thensforth ward voide and of noon effecte. 1607T. Rogers 39 Articles xxxviii. (1625) 216 No man..can desire to appropriate..any thing to himselfe, eyther yet to make any priuate vse to himselfe from the rest ward. a1608Dee Relat. Spir. i. (1659) 56 His face is (now) from meward. 1621Lady M. Wroth Urania 108 Amphilanthus..was then looking from herward, carelesse of her. 1683Moxon Mech. Exerc., Printing xxiv. ⁋7 With the nail of his Right Hand Thumb, sloaping from his Thumbward, he draws or slides forward the upper Sheet.
8. Examples of nonce-wds. (advs.) f. n. or proper name (rarely pron.) + -ward.
1623L. Andrewes Serm. i. xvi. (1629) 154 In Man, there was onward [= oneward] an abridgement of all the rest. Gather God and him into one, and so you have all. 1728Swift Let. to Pope 26 July ⁋3 You are the most temperate man Godward, and the most intemperate yourselfward of most I have known. 1752H. Walpole Let. to Mann 27 July, Our beauties are travelling Paris-ward. 1793Cowper Let. to Lady Hesketh 29 Aug., I will therefore..refer the time of your journey Weston-ward entirely to your own election. a1849Poe Marginalia Wks. 1864 III. 499 The whole tendency of the age is Magazine-ward. 1851Carlyle Sterling ii. iii, In the afternoon we went on the Thames Putney-ward together. 1865E. Burritt Walk to Land's End 241 The waif breezes..convey but a little way youward the breath of thyme they take up from these rough hills and valleys. 1893Tablet 4 Nov. 742 Its eyes turned eastward and past-ward. 1899‘G. F. Monkshood’ Kipling 69 Mr. Kipling thoughtfully points out to him that men do not float Simla-ward in paper ships upon a stream of ink. |
