| 释义 |
▪ I. distemper, v.1 Now rare.|dɪˈstɛmpə(r)|
Also 4 des-, 4–5 distempre, 4–6 dystemper.
[f. med.L. *distemperāre, f. dis- 4 + L. temperāre to proportion or mingle properly, to regulate, temper.
The verb in this sense is not recorded in OF., nor given in med.L. by Du Cange. But the latter has distemperātus = male temperātus, and also the cognate verbal ns. distemperāntia, distemperāmentum; OF. has destempré, -trempé = distemperātus, immoderate, excessive, intemperate, deranged (in health), disordered; It. has distemperare to alter the natural temperament or temperature of, distemperato altered in natural temperament, intemperate, immodest, excessive; Sp. has destemplar to alter, disconcert, untune, refl. to be ill with a fever.]
†1. trans. To temper improperly by undue mixture of elements; to disturb or derange the due proportion of (elements, humours, etc.).
1340Ayenb. 153 To þe bodye of man comeþ alle eueles uor þe destempringe of þise uour qualites, oþer of þise uour humours. c1386Chaucer Pars. T. ⁋752 The fourthe is when, thurgh the grete habundance of his mete, the humours in his body been destempred.
†2. To disturb or derange the condition of the air, elements, weather, climate, etc. (chiefly in pass.).
1387Trevisa Higden vii. iv. (Rolls) VII. 311 Þat ȝere in Engelond was greet deeþ of beestes and distemperynge of þe ayer by þe whiche meny men deide [Harl. intemperance of the aier]. 1490–1612 [see distempered 1]. 1649G. Daniel Trinarch., Hen. IV, v, 'Tis in mee now doubly Distempered; A Stormy Day and an vnquiet Age.
3. From the notion that attributed the ‘humour’ or ‘temper’ to the preponderance of one or other of the bodily humours: To disturb or disorder the humour, temper, or feelings of; to put out of humour or temper; to render ill-humoured or ill at ease; to trouble, vex, ‘upset’. refl. and pass. To be or become disturbed in mind; to ‘put oneself out’. (Now rare or Obs., exc. as fig. from 4.)
c1386Chaucer Melib. ⁋270, I biseke yow..that ye wol nat..distempre youre herte, thogh I speke thyng that yow displese. c1386― Sompn. T. 487 Sire..distempre yow noght..For goddes loue, youre pacience ye holde. 1581J. Bell Answ. Osor. 28 b, Your excessive pride hath distempered and broken the gall of my patience. 1602Shakes. Ham. iii. ii. 312. 1603 Harsnet Pop. Impost. 115 None but Children and fooles are distempered with Nicknames and Taunts. 1633Bp. Hall Hard Texts, N.T. 312 Vainely distempering himselfe about idle and frivolous questions. 1670Eachard Cont. Clergy 122 And what though churches stand at a little further distance? People may please to walk a mile without distempering themselves. 1813Coleridge Remorse i. ii, Strange, that this Monviedro Should have the power so to distemper me!
4. Also, from the notion that diseases proceeded from a disturbance of the due proportion of the four humours: To disorder or derange the physical or bodily condition of; to render unhealthy or diseased; to affect with a distemper; to sicken.
c1380Wyclif Sel. Wks. III. 157 Sum mon to lustfuly eetis or drinkes, and þat distemperes a mon in body and in soule. c1400Lanfranc's Cirurg. 31 He haþ noon oþir sijknesse wiþ him ne is nouȝt distemperid. c1420Pallad. on Husb. i. 273 They beth somer hoote and wyntir colde, That vyne, and grayne, and tre distempur wolde [nocent]. 1530Palsgr. 522/1 This hote wether hath distempred him, I feare me he shall have an ague. 1597Shakes. 2 Hen. IV, iii. i. 41 It is but as a Body, yet distemper'd, Which to his former strength may be restor'd, With good aduice, and little Medicine. 1605Bacon Adv. Learn ii. x. §2. 39 This variable composition of mans bodie hath made it as an Instrument easie to distemper. 1644Quarles Barnabas & B. 238 If every petty sickness distempers my body. 1769De Foe's Tour Gt. Brit. II. 128 If any..are distempered, they are immediately put under proper Methods of Cure. 1833Chalmers Const. Man (1835) I. ii. 129 They would distemper the whole man.
b. To derange or disorder in brain or mind; to render insane.
c1380[see a]. 1581G. Pettie Guazzo's Civ. Conv. i. (1586) 4 To doubt yt youre braine is distempered. 1611Tourneur Ath. Trag. v. ii, Griefe for his children's death distempers him. 1658Whole Duty Man viii. §1. 68 If it be in danger to distemper our reason. a1703Burkitt On N.T., Mark v. 20 They have power to distemper their minds. 1865Lecky Ration. (1878) II. 27 Their imaginations, distempered by self-inflicted sufferings.
†c. spec. To intoxicate; refl. to get drunk. Obs.
1491Let. in R. Davies York Rec. (1843) 224 We supposide he was distemperide awther with aill or wyn. 1530Palsgr. 522/1 Distemper the nat with to moche drinke, for a dronken man is but a beest. 1568T. North tr. Gueuara's Diall Pr. iv. vii. 126 b, Wyne tempered with water, bringeth two commodityes..hee shall not dystemper him self [etc.]. 1679Penn Addr. Prot. i. 9 When the very Tasting of the several sorts of Wine..is enough to distemper a Temperate Head.
5. transf. and fig. To disorder or mar the condition of; to derange, confuse, put out of joint.
1494Fabyan Chron. vii. 392 Contynuell rayne, whiche distemperyd the grounde in suche wyse that, the yere folowynge, whete was solde for xviii. d. a bushell. 1577B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. iv. (1586) 180 b, [Honey] distempered with the sent of the flowres, ill seasoned in the Hives, and so often altred. 1601Shakes. Twel. N. ii. i. 5 The malignancie of my fate, might perhaps distemper yours. 1650Fuller Pisgah iv. iii. 44 Though barren for the main, and distempered with sterility, yet it [Desert of Paran] had some fertile intervalls. 1667Milton P.L. xi. 56 Sin, that first Distemper'd all things. 1879[see distempered ppl. a. 4].
†6. To deprive (a metal) of ‘temper’. Obs. rare. [mod.F. détremper (1694 in Dict. Acad.).]
1795Pearson in Phil. Trans. LXXXV. 343 Wootz is not at all malleable when cold... It can be tempered and distempered, but not to a considerable extent of degrees.
Hence diˈstempering vbl. n. and ppl. a.
1340,1387[see above, senses 1, 2]. 1604Shakes. Oth. i. i. 99 Being full of Supper, and distempring draughtes. 1613–18Daniel Coll. Hist. Eng. (1626) 98 Their numbers growing so great, as bred many..distemprings betweene the nations. 1855Lynch Rivulet xxvii. i, To rid me of distempering heat.
▪ II. diˈstemper, v.2
[ad. OF. destemprer, -tremper to dissolve in liquid, soak, mix = It. distemperare in same sense, med.L. distemperāre to soak, macerate (Du Cange), f. dis- 1 or 5 + L. temperāre to mingle in due proportion, qualify, temper.
This is the ordinary sense in which distemperāre is found in med.L. and French; cf. distemper v.1 But It. distemperare, Sp. distemplar have senses corresponding to both our verbs.]
†1. trans. To treat with water or some other liquid; to mix with a liquid, so as to dissolve wholly or partly; to dilute, infuse; to soak, steep.
c1400Lanfranc's Cirurg. 66 Make poudre & distempere with þe white of an ey as þicke as hony. Ibid. 185 Distempere hem with vinegre & anoynte herwiþ. 1544T. Phaer Regim. Lyfe (1553) D vij a, Take an ounce of cassia, an houre before dyner..distempered with a ptisane. 1607Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1658) 305 Give the Horse thereof every morning..the quantity of a Hasel-nut distempered in a quart of Wine. Ibid. 329 Distemper it with the milk of a Cow. 1667Petty in Sprat Hist. R. Soc. 286 (T.) Colouring of paper, viz. marbled paper, by distempering the colours with ox-gall, and applying them upon a stiff gummed liquor.
2. transf. and fig. To dilute; to mix with something so as to weaken or impair; to allay. Obs. or arch. (Often run together with senses 4, 5 of distemper v.1: see quot. 1598.)
1592Shakes. Ven. & Ad. 653 Jealousy..Distempering gentle Love in his desire, As air and water do abate the fire. 1598Yong Diana 366 At the first loue seldome affoords one little pleasure without distempering it in the end with sorrowe and care. 1643Milton Soveraigne Salve 5 Monarchy duely tempered is the best, but distempered by tyranny the worst. 1868Hawthorne Our Old Home, Pilgr. to Old Boston (1879) 158 The May sunshine was mingled with water, as it were, and distempered with a very bitter east-wind.
3. Painting. To paint or colour in distemper. See distemper n.2
1873Brewer Dict. Phr. & Fab. (ed. 3) 230 s.v. Distemper, Applied to painting, the word is from..the French détremper (to soak in water), because the paints are mixed with water instead of oil. 1876R. & A. Garrett House Decorat. (1879) 43 Distempering or painting the wall above a shade lighter. 1881Young Every man his own Mechanic §1605 The difference between painting in oils and distempering is just this, that in the former the colouring matter is ground with oil and turpentine while in the latter it is mixed with size.
▪ III. distemper, n.1|dɪˈstɛmpə(r)|
Also 7 des-.
[f. distemper v.1: partly after temper n.]
†1. ‘A disproportionate mixture of parts; want of a due temper of ingredients’; ‘want of due balance between contraries’ (J.); distempered or disordered condition. Obs.
1607–12Bacon Ess., Empire (Arb.) 298 A true temper of governement is a rare thing; For both Temper and Distemper consist of contraryes. 1612Woodall Surg. Mate Wks. (1653) 207 A small distemper in the Animal salt of man is able to kill the strongest man. 1644Digby Nat. Bodies i. xxxviii. (1645) 408 Their distemper from what they should be maketh the impression repugnant to their nature.
†2. A disordered or distempered condition of the air, climate, weather, etc.; inclemency. Obs.
1614Raleigh Hist. World i. iii. §8. 27 a, It was..a reasonable conjecture that those countreys..directly under it [the æquinoctial] were of a distemper uninhabitable. 1655Let. to Hartlib in Ref. Commonw. Bees 15 Exposed to theeves, vermin, and distempers of weather. 1660Sharrock Vegetables 86 The impediments which with us hinder the husbandmen..are either the distempers of the ground itself, or some evil accidents. 1856Emerson Eng. Traits, Land Wks. (Bohn) II. 17 The London fog aggravates the distempers of the sky.
3. Derangement or disturbance of the ‘humour’ or ‘temper’ (according to mediæval physiology regarded as due to disturbance in the bodily ‘humours’; cf. temper, temperament); a being out of humour; ill humour, ill temper; uneasiness; disaffection. (Now usually associated with sense 4; in quot. 1850 with allusion to metallic ‘temper’.)
a1555Latimer Serm. & Rem. (1845) 310, I check myself, lest whilst I aim at curing your distemper I stir up your bad humour; for..you are..more wrathful than is seemly. 1602Shakes. Ham. iii. ii. 351 Good my Lord, what is your cause of distemper? 1608–11Bp. Hall Medit. & Vowes ii. §83 A man of a lowly stomak, can swallow and digest contempt without any distemper. 1642Rogers Naaman 271 Although thou shouldest..dare the Lord with thy pride and distemper. 1665Howard & Dryden Ind. Queen i. i, Compose these wild Distempers in your Breast. 1756Burke Subl. & B. Introd. Wks. I. 102 Then we must know the habits, the prejudices, or the distempers of this particular man. 1823W. Taylor in Monthly Mag. LVI. 126 Let us talk of these things over a glass of nectar, without distemper and without prejudice. 1850Blackie æschylus I. 30 Like evil brass, His deep distemper he shall show By dints of trial.
4. Deranged or disordered condition of the body or mind (formerly regarded as due to disordered state of the humours); ill health, illness, disease.
1598Shakes. Merry W. iv. ii. 28 Any madnesse..seem'd but tamenesse, ciuility, and patience, to this his distemper he is in now. 1602― Ham. ii. ii. 55 Your sonnes distemper. 1608Prince of Wales in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. i. III. 93, I am glad to have heard of your Mati⊇s recovery, before I understood of your distemper by the heat of the weather. 1695Howe in H. Rogers Life x. (1863) 289, I was confined by distemper to my bed. a1716South (J.), It argues sickness and distemper in the mind, as well as in the body, when a man is continually turning and tossing. 1781Cowper Expost. 153 They saw distemper healed, and life restored, In answer to the fiat of his word. 1873Browning Red Cotton Night-Cap Country 278 Eccentricity Nowise amounting to distemper.
b. with a and pl. A disorder, a disease, an ailment (of body or mind).
1648Boyle Seraph. Love Ep. Ded. (1660) 3 My sight..is still so impair'd by a distemper in my eyes. 1659Stanley Hist. Philos. III. iii. 18 All distempers of the mind, are, as I conceive, high madnesse. 1710Steele Tatler No. 103 ⁋11 He was extremely afflicted with the Gout, and set his Foot upon the Ground with the Caution and Dignity which accompany that Distemper. 1756Nugent Gr. Tour III. 104 The mineral waters of this place are famous for curing many distempers. 1769Robertson Chas. V, III. xi. 274 A contagious distemper raged among his troops. 1856R. A. Vaughan Mystics (1860) II. 131 The cloister breeds a family of mental distempers, elsewhere unheard of. 1860Emerson Cond. Life, Behaviour Wks. (Bohn) II. 392 There is one topic peremptorily forbidden to all well-bred..mortals, namely their distempers.
c. spec. A disease of dogs, characterized by catarrh, cough, and loss of strength. Also applied to various other diseases of animals.
1747Gentl. Mag. 686 Dr. Barker's Method of treating the Distemper among Cows. 1781P. Beckford Hunting (1802) 64 The distemper makes dreadful havock with whelps at their walks. 1816L. Towne Farmer & Grazier's Guide 28 What is commonly denominated ‘The Distemper’ in Horses, proves generally to be a Catarrh. 1823Scott Let. to Miss Edgeworth 22 Sept. in Lockhart, That fatal disorder proper to the canine race called par excellence, the distemper. 1887Times 1 Feb. 9/6 Swine fever..being known in different parts of Great Britain by the names of pig typhoid, pig distemper [etc.].
†d. Intoxication. Obs.
1599Shakes. Hen. V, ii. ii. 54 If little faults, proceeding on distemper, Shall not be wink'd at. 1607Drewill's Arraign. in Harl. Misc. (Malh.) III. 55 Such plenty of wine as to cause distemper. 1650Fuller Pisgah ii. xiii. 279 Drunkards..in the fits of their distemper.
5. transf. and fig. Derangement, disturbance, or disorder (esp. in a state or body politic). (Now always with allusion to sense 4.)
1605Bacon Adv. Learn. i. iv. §3 (1873) 30 Here..is the first distemper of learning, when men study words and not matter. 1647Lilly Chr. Astrol. lxxxiii. 448 In these sad times of our Civill Distempers. 1681Nevile Plato Rediv. title-p., An Endeavour is used to discover the present Politick Distemper of our own [Kingdom]. 1777Burke Let. Affairs Amer. Wks. III. 149 All struggle rather inflamed than lessened the distemper of the publick councils. 1849Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. 404 The distempers of the state were such as required an extraordinary remedy.
▪ IV. diˈstemper, n.2 Painting.
[f. distemper v.2, after 16th c. F. destrempe, mod.F. détrempe in same sense, f. des-, détremper: see distemper v.2]
1. A method of painting, in which the colours are mixed with some glutinous substance soluble in water, as yolk of egg mixed with water, etc., executed usually upon a ground of chalk or plaster mixed with gum (distemper-ground): mostly used in scene-painting, and in the internal decoration of walls. Chiefly in such phrases as ‘painting’ or ‘to paint in distemper’ (It. pingere a tempera).
1632Peacham Compl. Gentl. xiii. (1634) 141 He wrought in distemper (as we call it) or wet with size, sixe histories of patient Job, wherein are many excellent figures. 1658Phillips s.v., Painting in Distemper, or size..hath been ancientlier in use than that which is in oiled colours. 1666Pepys Diary (1879) VI. 4 There saw my picture of Greenwich finished to my very great content, though this manner of distemper do make the figures not so pleasing as in oyle. 1762–71H. Walpole Vertue's Anecd. Paint. (1786) I. 44 They glued a linnen cloth upon the wall, and covered that with plaister, on which they painted in distemper. 1773Gentl. Mag. XLIII. 216 Nor is there any strength in the shadows of the drapery, a defect that usually attends painting in fresco and distemper. 1837Penny Cycl. IX. 22/2 Distemper, an inferior kind of colouring used for both internal and external walls..instead of oil colour, being a cheap substitute... Scene painting is executed in distemper. 1850A. Jameson Leg. Monast. Ord. (1863) 108 A small picture in distemper on panel. 1859Gullick & Timbs Paint. 75 Oil-pictures are frequently executed partly in tempera, or, as it is now called, distemper—in other words, water-colours.
2. Also applied to the pigment prepared for this process, and to the ground on which it is executed. In House-painting, whiting mixed with size and water, with which ‘ceilings are generally done; plastered walls, when not painted or papered, are also so covered’ (Gwilt).
1837[see 1]. 1839W. B. S. Taylor tr. Mérimée's Painting in Oil & Fresco v. 220 The time required for priming, may be shortened..by making the first and second couches with distemper..let the last couch be merely oil, which has become viscous by exposure to the air; this will penetrate the distemper, and render it quite pliant. 1879Cassell's Techn. Educ. iv. 229/1 note, Cobalt, raw umber, and white make a magnificent grey, both in oil-colours and in distemper (powder-colours mixed with size).
3. attrib. and Comb., as distemper-brush, distemper-colour, distemper-painting, distemper-piece; distemper-ground: see 1 above.
1837Penny Cycl. IX. 22/2 Paper stainers employ distemper colour in printing and staining papers for walls. 1839W. B. S. Taylor tr. Mérimée's Painting in Oil & Fresco v. 218 In the commencement of the art the canvasses were prepared like the panels with distemper grounds. 1841W. Spalding Italy & It. Isl. II. 242 Frescoes on the walls or distemper-pieces on the fixed altars. 1874R. St. John Tyrwhitt Sketch. Club 26 You pass out of pure water-painting into distemper-painting. |
