| 释义 |
▪ I. thane1 Hist.|θeɪn|
Forms: 1 þeᵹn, þeᵹen, -in, (þeng), 1–2 þén, þeiᵹn (6–7 theigne), 2 þening, 2–3 þein (6, 9 thein), 3–4 þ-, theyn(e (6 theyn), 4 thain (8 -e), 4–6 thayn(e, 5– thane. See also thegn.
[OE. þeᵹn, þeᵹen, þén, = OS. thegan, OHG. degan boy, servant, warrior, hero (MHG., G. degen), ON. þegn freeman, liegeman:—OTeut. *þegnoz, orig. child, boy, lad:—pre-Teut. *tek-nó- (cf. Gr. τέκνον child), f. root tek: tok to beget.
The regular modern repr. of OE. þeᵹn, if the word had lived on in spoken use, would have been thain (cf. fain, main, rain), as it actually appears in some writers, chiefly northern, from 1300 to near 1600. But thain was in 15–16th c. Sc. written thane (in L. thanus), and this form, being used by Boece, Holinshed, and Shakespeare (in Macbeth), was adopted by Selden, Spelman, and the legal antiquaries and historians of the 17th c. to represent the Anglo-Saxon þeᵹn, and became the usual form in Eng. history. Recent historians, as Stubbs, Freeman, and Green, in order to distinguish the Anglo-Saxon use from the Sc. in sense 4, have revived the OE. þeᵹn as thegn, q.v.]
†1. A servant, minister, attendant; in OE. often applied to (Christ's) disciples. Obs.
a700Epinal Gloss (O.E.T.) 101 Adsaeculam [= assecula], theᵹn. c725Corpus Gloss 77 Adsaeclum, þeᵹn. c888K. ælfred Boeth. vii. §2, ᵹif þu þonne heora þeᵹen beon wilt. a900tr. Bæda's Hist. iv. xxv. [xxiv.] (1890) 346 Þa bæd he [a monk] his þeᵹn..þæt he in þæm huse him stowe ᵹeᵹearwode..Þa wundrode se þeᵹn. c950Lindisf. Gosp. Matt. xxiv. 45 Hwa woenes ðu is ᵹeleaf-full ðeᵹn & hoᵹa? 971Blickl. Hom. 67 Iohannes, se deora þeᵹn. Ibid., Lazarus þær was ana sittende mid Hælende & mid his þeᵹnum. c1000Ags. Gosp. Matt. xx. 26 Sy he eower þen. Ibid. John ii. 9 Þa þenas soðlice wiston þe þæt wæter hlodon. a1175Cott. Hom. 229 An þera twelf Christes þeiȝne se þe was iudas ȝehaten. c1275Death 177 in O.E. Misc. 179 Hwer beoþ þine þeynes Þat þe leoue were? 13..Cursor M. 5373 (Cott.) First he was here als our thain [Gött. thrall, Trin. þral]. 1591Lambarde Archeion (1635) E iij, By certaine Messengers, which they tearmed Theignes; that is to say, Ministers, or Servants.
†2. A military attendant, follower, or retainer; a soldier. Obs.
Beowulf 400 Aras þa se rica ymb hine rinc maniᵹ þryðlic þeᵹna heap. a800Cynewulf Elene 549 (Gr.) Þa cwom þeᵹna heap to þam heremeðle. c893K. ælfred Oros. v. ii. §3 Ueriatuses þeᵹn þæm oþrum to longe æfterfylᵹende, oþ mon his hors under him ofsceat. c950Lindisf. Gosp. Matt. viii. 9 Ic..hæfo under mec ðeiᵹnas [Vulg. milites]. c1000Ags. Gosp. ibid., Ic hæbbe þeᵹnas [c 1160 Hatton þeiᵹnes] under me. c1000ælfric Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 119/34 Agaso, hors þen.
†b. poet. A warrior, a brave man. Cf. earl 1 b.
Beowulf 2709 Swylc sceolde secg wesan, þeᵹn æt ðearfe. c893K. ælfred Oros. iii. vii. §2 ᵹif ᵹe swelce þeᵹnas sint, swelce ᵹe wenað þæt ᵹe sien, þonne sceoldon ᵹe swa lustlice eowre aᵹnu brocu aræfnan. a1272Luue Ron 13 in O.E. Misc. 93 Þeos þeines þat weren bolde beoþ aglyden.
3. One who in Anglo-Saxon times held lands of the king or other superior by military service; originally in the fuller designation cyninges þeᵹn, ‘king's thane, military servant or attendant’; in later times simply thegn, as a term of rank, including several grades below that of an ealdorman or eorl (earl n. 2) and above that of the ceorl or ordinary freeman.
In this sense the name was superseded by baron and knight in the 12th c., and continued only in historical use, in which it was written thane in the 16th c. Recent historians have revived the OE. form as thegn.
805Charter in O.E. Texts 442 Beforan wulfrede arcebiscope..& esne cyninges ðeᵹne. a900O.E. Chron. an. 897, Maniᵹe þara selestena cynges þena... Eadulf cynges þeᵹn..& Ecgulf cynges hors þeᵹn. 971Blickl. Hom. 211 Wæs his fæder ærest cyninges þeᵹn, & ða..he wæs cininges þeᵹna aldorman. c1000ælfric Gram. ix. (Z.) 50 Optimas, ðeᵹn. c1000― Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 155/20 Primas, heafodman, uel þeᵹn. Ibid. 155/23 Satrapa, þeᵹn. c1029–60Laws Ranks c. 1 in Liebermann Gesetze (1903) 456 ælc be his mæðe, ᵹe eorl ᵹe ceorl, ᵹe þeᵹen ᵹe þeoden. c1050Byrhtferth's Handboc in Anglia (1885) VIII. 326 Þeᵹnas & ceorlas habbað landmearke. 1066Writ of Eadweard in Earle Land-Charters 342 Eadward cyningc gret Hereman bisceop, and Harold eorl, and Godric, and ealle his þeᵹenas [L. version barones]. a1100O.E. Chron. an. 1086 (Laud MS.) Ealle þa rice men ofer eall Engla land, arce biscopas, & leodbisceopas, abbodas & eorlas, þeᵹnas & cnihtas. a1175Cott. Hom. 231 Mid ærlen and aldren, mid cnihten, mid þeinen. c1300Havelok 2260 Siþen drenges, and siþen thaynes, And siþen knithes, and siþen sweynes. c1325Chron. Eng. (Ritson) 583 Alle the theynes of Walschelonde He made bowe to ys honde. 1570–6Lambarde Peramb. Kent (1826) 453 As for twelf Pindman, it was given to the Theyn or Gentleman, bicause his life was valued at Twelve hundreth shillings. 1598Hakluyt Voy. I. 126 If a Thein so thriued, that he serued the king, and on his message rid in his houshold, if he then had a Thein that followed him..he became an Earle.
1577–87Holinshed Chron. I. 190/1 Harold..slue thirtie gentlemen of honor, or thanes (as they called them). 1614Selden Titles Hon. 267 The neerest name for Baron was that of Thane, anciently written also Thegn. c1630Risdon Surv. Devon §284 (1810) 296 The thane was descended of ancient lineage, and such a one as we call gentleman. 1754Hume Hist. Eng. (1761) I. App. i. 96 The nobles were called thanes; and were of two kinds, the king's thanes and lesser thanes. 1809Bawdwen Domesday Bk. 18 In Loctvsv (Lofthouse) two Thanes had four carucates to be taxed. 1853Jos. Stevenson tr. O.E. Chron. an. 1036, Leofric the earl, and almost all the thanes north of the Thames..chose Harold for chief of all England. 1853― tr. Florence of Worcester an. 897, Ecgulf the kings horse-thane. 1875Maine Hist. Inst. v. 135 There are in the early English laws some traces of a process by which a Ceorl might become Thane. 1888Earle Land-Charters Introd. 71 These words..eorl, gesith, thane, knight, squire, gentleman. The last two run abreast.
4. In Sc. Hist. A person, ranking with the son of an earl, holding lands of the king; the chief of a clan, who became one of the king's barons.
[1220Stat. Alex. II, c. 2, in Scot. Statutes (1844) I. 398 De terris episcoporum abbatum baronum militum et thanorum qui de Rege tenent.] 14..transl. of prec., Of þe landis of bischopis abbotis barounis knychtis and thaynis þe quhilkis haldis of þe Kyng. 1422in Thanes of Cawdor (Spalding Club) 10 To spouse and til haf to your wife, the douchter of the saide Donald thayne of Caldor. c1425Wyntoun Cron. vi. xviii. 1904 Lo, ȝonder þe thayne of Crumbaghty! Ibid. xix. 2318 Makduf of Fif þe thayne. c1470Henry Wallace xi. 894 That Erll was cummyn off trew haill nobill blud, Fra the ald thane, quhilk in his tym was gud. 1535Stewart Cron. Scot. (Rolls) II. 637 ‘The Thane of Glames, gude morne to him’, said scho. [1596Dalrymple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. i. (S.T.S.) 112 margin, The first nobils in Scotland war called Thani; thay war of the clan cheif... In ald tymes Dukes war called Thani.] 1605Shakes. Macb. i. iii. 71 By Sinells death, I know I am Thane of Glamis, But how, of Cawdor? the Thane of Cawdor liues. Ibid. v. iii. 50 Doctor, the Thanes flye from me. 1609Skene Reg. Maj. 73 b, Item, the Cro of ane Earles sonne, or of ane Thane, is ane hundreth kye. Item, the Cro of the sonne of ane Than, is thriescore sax kye. 1759Robertson Hist. Scot. i. (1802) I. 229 The ancient Thanes were the equals and the rivals of their prince. 1810A. Boswell Edinburgh 260 Hill after hill some cunning clerk shall gain, Then, in a mendicant, behold a Thane!
b. transf. to modern persons, in various senses; e.g. a Scottish lord. Often in allusion to Shakes. Macbeth v. iii. 50. (See above.)
1750Shenstone Odes, Rural Elegance 7 Ye rural thanes that o'er the mossy down Some panting, timorous hare pursue. a1764Lloyd Poetry Prof. Poet. Wks. 1774 I. 39 Hail to the Thane, whose patriot skill Can break all nations to his will. 1839Ld. Brougham Statesm. Geo. III, Dundas I. 232 He [Pitt] held the proxies of many Scottish Peers in open opposition! Well might his colleague exclaim to the hapless Addington in such unheard-of troubles, ‘Doctor, the Thanes fly from us.’ 1888Bryce Amer. Commw. lxiii. II. 455 Sometimes however he is rebuffed by the powers at Washington and then his State thanes fly from him.
5. Comb. thane-right, the legal rights and privileges of a thane; thane-wer [OE. þeᵹn-wer], the wer-gild of a thane (sense 3).
1008[see thegnwer]. 1844Lingard Anglo-Sax. Ch. (1858) II. xii. 234 note, His thane-wer, and thane-right in life and in the grave means the same as his worldly goods, and Christian sepulture.
Hence ˈthaness, a female thane; a thane's wife.
1827Scott Surg. Dau. iii, All the rural thanes and thanesses attended on these occasions. 1849J. Wilson Christopher under Canvass No. 5 The Thaness [Lady Macbeth] is self-stayed.
▪ II. thane2
Sc. form of fane1.
1496Acc. Ld. High Treas. Scot. I. 286 Item, for xiij dowbill platis to be thanis to the pailȝounis. 1570Satir. Poems Reform. xxii. 84 Lyke wauering thane, thy proces vane Will brew the bitter gall. 1716in Thanes of Cawdor (Spalding Cl.) 417 Thanes for the horse heads [at a funeral], {pstlg}80. 1782Orem Chanonry Aberdeen 21 With cross thanes of iron on the top of each of them.
▪ III. thane
obs. f. then adv.1; inflexion of the. |
