| 释义 |
fundament|ˈfʌndəmənt|
Also † foundment. Forms: 3–6 fond(e)-, found(e)-, fund(e)-ment, (4–5 occas. in pl. -mens), 4, 7 fonda-, 5–7 foundament, 5, 7 fundamente, 4– fundament.
[ME. fondement, a. OF. fondement:—L. fundāment-um, f. fundāre (see found v.2), f. fundus bottom: see fund n. The form fundament is directly from the Lat., and is therefore strictly a distinct word from foundment, but it is convenient to treat them together on account of the occurrence of mixed forms.]
I.
†1.
a. The foundation or base of a wall, building, etc. Obs.
1297R. Glouc. (1724) 131 Lat delue vnder þe fundement, & þou schalt bi neþe fynde A water pol. 13..Seuyn Sag. 2112 (W.) Thai to-rent ston fram ston, The fondement to-brast anon. 1377Langl. P. Pl. B. xix. 322 Þere-with grace bigan to make a good foundement, And watteled it and walled it with his peynes & his passioun. 1426Audelay Poems 23 Ȝif the fondment be false, the werke most nede falle. 1481Caxton Godfrey 248 The fondementes of it ben in the holy montaynes. 1535Stewart Cron. Scot. II. 261 Ane castell..Quhairof the fundament restis ȝit to se. 1558Kennedy Compend. Tract. in Wodr. Soc. Misc. (1844) 160 Thaye did big firmelye on that sure roke and fundament.
transf. and fig.a1300Cursor M. 21739 It [þe croice] es..Fondement of ur clergi. c1375Sc. Leg. Saints, Petrus 9 For-þi cane criste apone hym lay þe fundament of haly kirk. 1377Langl. P. Pl. B. xiv. 199 Elles is al owre labour loste..if fals be þe foundement. 1382Wyclif Prov. viii. 29 Whan he heeng vp the foundemens of the erthe. c1449Pecock Repr. 438 It [Cephas] is also a word of Sire tunge in which it is as miche to seie as fundament or ground or stable. 1521Fisher Serm. agst. Luther Wks. (1876) 321 That grete foundament of the chirche and most stable stone. 1678Butler Hud. iii. ii. 1598 As in Bodies Natural The Rump's the Fundament of all.
†b. A surface on which to stand, footing. Obs.
c1418Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 243 Ther fete failen fondement.
c. Geogr. Any landscape before colonization by man in general or by any particular group of men.
1928J. B. Leighly in Univ. Calif. Publ. Geogr. III. 3 The forces which condition and shape a cultural landscape are many and of varied origin, each fluctuating in intensity through time... The natural fundament which they modify, on which they erect their proper structures, is similarly varied from place to place, itself changing through natural processes. 1934Ann. Assoc. Amer. Geogr. XXIV. 80 By an extension of its dictionary meaning, fundament is used to indicate the foundation on which the works of man have been built. Fundament may be defined as the face of the earth as it existed before the entrance of man into the scene. 1954Ibid. XLIV. 248 What the fundament or ‘natural’ Calumet originally looked like.
†2. fig. = foundation 6. Obs.
c1374Chaucer Boeth. iv. pr. iv. 100 (Camb. MS.) The which thing sustenyd by a stronge fowndement of resouns. 1474Caxton Chesse 71 The first fondement of Justyce is that no man shold noye ne greue other. 1481― Myrr. ii. xxv. 117 The sonne is the foundement of alle hete and of alle tyme. 1533Gau Richt Vay (1888) 27 Articulis..as thay ar contenit in the creid quhair thay haiff thair grund and fundment prowine be the halie writ. 1536Bellenden Cron. Scot. (1821) II. 105, I think it expedient..to preche first the foundment of the Cristin faith. 1554Knox Godly Let. C j, The fundament and reason, why, he wil neither offer sacrefice to Idols, neither yet defyle hys mouthe with their names. 1677Gale Crt. Gentiles II. iv. 45 There is nothing in Moralitie but has some relation to..human nature as its subject and fundament.
3. a. The lower part of the body, on which one sits; the buttocks; also, the orifice of the intestines, the anus. In birds, the vent.
1297R. Glouc. (Rolls) 6340 Þe luþer þef..smot him þoru þe fondement. c1340Cursor M. 22395 (Fairf.) Alle þe filþ of his magh salle breste out atte his fondament for drede. 1480Caxton Chron. Eng. cxcvii. 174 He..with a spere smote the noble knyght in to the foundament soo that his bowels comen oute there. 1486Bk. St. Albans C v, Anoynt hir fundement with Oyll. 1533Elyot Cast. Helthe (1539) 56 b, It amendeth the affectes of..the fundement. 1607Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1658) 148 The falling of the fundament. 1656Ridgley Pract. Physick 35 Cock chickens made bare at the Fundament. 1698Sir R. Sibbald in Phil. Trans. XX. 266 He hath passed Three by the Fundament. 1727Swift Gulliver iii. v, The orifice of the fundament. 1754Connoisseur No. 5 ⁋12 Applying his foot directly to my fundament. 1871G. H. Napheys Prev. & Cure Dis. ii. iv. 546 The end may be attained by the pressure of a warm cloth against the fundament.
b. Comb., as fundament-bot (see quot.).
1836Penny Cycl. V. 261 The Œstrus hæmorrhoidalis, or fundament-bot.
4. (See quot.)
1894Gould Illustr. Dict. Med. etc., Fundament, in embryology, the rudiment.
† II. 5. The action of founding or establishing; also, something that is founded, an institution. Obs.
c1394P. Pl. Crede 250 Our foundement was first of þe oþere. 1513Douglas æneis iii. i. 37 Begouth I first set wallis of a citie Allthocht my fundment was infortunate. 1536Bellenden Cron. Scot. (1821) II. 6 Thay..maid the first foundement of the nobil realme of France. |
