| 释义 |
paralanguage Linguistics.|ˌpærəˈlæŋgwɪdʒ|
[f. para-1 alongside + language n.1]
The system of non-phonemic but vocal factors in speech, such as tone of voice, tempo of speech, and sighing, by which communication is assisted. Cf. kinesics.
Some authorities also include in paralanguage such adjuncts of speech as gesture and facial expression.
1958G. L. Trager in Studies in Linguistics XIII. 4 The vocalizations and voice qualities together are being called paralanguage (a term suggested by A. A. Hill). 1959H. L. Smith in College English XX. 172/2 Speech does not take place in a vacuum but is surrounded, as it were, by patterned bodily motions—the kinesic system—and by systematically analyzable vocalizations, or paralanguage. 1964Language XL. 202 Trager's 1958 paper outlined a taxonomic system for the analysis of the phenomena of paralanguage. 1965[see morpheme-like s.v. morpheme c]. 1967Jrnl. Eng. Linguistics I. 28 Paralanguage, the non⁓linguistic but communicatively significant orchestration of the stream of speech, involving such phenomena as abnormally high or low pitch, abnormally fast or slow tempo, abnormal loudness or softness, drawl, clipping, rasp, openness, and the like. 1972W. M. Austin in A. L. Davis Culture, Class, & Lang. Variety viii. 159 We judge the dynamic and effective speaker by his use of kinesics and paralanguage as well as language. 1978Verbatim May 15/2 That particular methodology called generative-transformational did not include paralanguage, kinesics, or cultural influences. |
