| 释义 |
plover|ˈplʌvə(r)|
Forms: α. 4 pluwer, 4–6 pluuer, 4–7 plouer, 5 plouier, plowere, Sc. pluwar, 5–6 plovere, 6 plower, Sc. pluvar, 6–7 pluver, 4– plover. β. 4 plewer, 5–6 pleuer, 6 plevar, plever, pliuer, 7 pluiver, 8 pliver.
[ME. and AF. plover = OF. plovier (a 1200 in Hatz.-Darm.), later plouvier, pleuvier, pluvier, = Pr. pluvier:—late L. *plovārius belonging to rain, f. L. pluvia rain; in mod.L. pluvārius, pluviārius; cf. Sp. pluvial plover, ad. L. pluviālis rainy, also Ger. regenpfeifer, lit. rain-piper, and Eng. rain-bird.
The connexion with rain expressed in the various names has been variously explained. Belon, 1555, said the birds were so called because most easily taken in rainy weather, which modern observation contradicts. Others, because they arrive in flocks in the rainy season (Littré); according to Prof. Newton, the Golden and Grey Plovers arrive on the shores of the Mediterranean at the approach of winter. Others, because of the restlessness of the bird when rain is approaching: see R. Lubbock Fauna of Norfolk (1845) 61–2. Others have attributed it to the appearance of the upper plumage, as if spotted with rain-drops.]
1. The common name of several gregarious grallatorial (limicoline) birds of the family Charadriidæ, esp. those of the genera Charadrius and Squatarola, the former including the golden plover of Europe (C. pluvialis), also called yellow plover or green plover, and the closely allied field plover or golden plover of North America, the latter the grey plover or Swiss plover, S. helvetica; also popularly given to the Lapwing, the eggs of which are sold as ‘Plovers' eggs’, and in N. America to three birds of the Scolopacidæ or Snipe family, the Bartramian Sandpiper, Bartramia longicauda, and the Greater and Lesser Yellowshank, Totanus melanoleucus and flavipes.
α1312–13Durham Acc. Rolls (Surtees) 10, l pluuers. 13..Coer de L. 3526 Partrick, plover, heroun, ne swan. 1390Gower Conf. III. 33 As the Plover doth of Eir I live, and am in good espeir. a1400Morte Arth. 182 Pacockes and plovers in platers of golde. c1440Promp. Parv. 405/2 Plovere (bryd), pluviarius. a1550Freiris of Berwik 397 in Dunbar's Poems (S.T.S.) 298 Pertrikis and pluveris befoir thame hes scho brocht. 1594Nashe Unfort. Trav. 42 As fat and plum euerie part of her as a plouer. 1661Lovell Hist. Anim. & Min. 182 Plover. Pluvialis... The flesh is very pleasant, and better than the green Lapwing. 1763Brit. Mag. IV. 156 The wheeling plover, and the timid hare. 1810Scott Lady of L. v. xi, Fancy..in the plover's shrilly strain, The signal whistle heard again. 1843Yarrell Hist. Birds II. 382 The Great Plover's..shrill and ominous whistle..is supposed to be the note..alluded to by Sir Walter Scott in..the Lady of the Lake. 1894Newton Dict. Birds 732 The birds just spoken of [Squatarola, Charadrius] are those most emphatically entitled to be called Plovers; but the Dotterel, the group of Ringed Plovers..and the Lapwing, with their allies, have, according to usage, hardly less claim to the name. Ibid. 733 Plovers..must be regarded as constituting a somewhat indefinite group, for no very strong line of demarcation can be drawn between them and the Sandpipers and Snipes.
β1390–91Durham Acc. Rolls (Surtees) 597, xviij plewers empt. iij s. 1486Bk. St. Albans F vj b, A fall of Woodecockis. A Congregacion of Pleuers. 1572Satir. Poems Reform. xxxiii. 396 Peirtryks and pleuers pyping on the speit. 1596Dalrymple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. i. 90 Kaipounis, pliueris and vtheris sik kynd of cheir. 1728Ramsay Lure 12 Peartricks, teals, moor-powts, and plivers.
2. With defining words, applied to species of the family Charadriidæ, and extended to some of the allied Thinocoridæ and Scolopacidæ or Snipe family, and to the isolated genus Dromas (Crab Plover). The chief of these are:
bastard p., † black p., the lapwing; bishop p., in U.S., the turnstone, Strepsilas interpres; black-bellied p. = grey plover (a); black-breasted p., in Ireland, the golden plover in its summer plumage; in U.S. = next (b); black-heart p., (a) in Canada, the American dunlin, Tringa pacifica; (b) in U.S., Philomachus spinosus; bull-head p. = grey plover (a); chattering p.: see quot.; cornfield p., Bartramia longicauda (see 1); crab p., of the Indian Ocean, Dromas ardeola; crookbilled p., of New Zealand, Anarhynchus frontalis; dot p., the dotterel (Swainson); field p., (a) the American golden plover; (b) Bartramia longicauda (see 1); golden p., Charadrius pluvialis, and the allied American C. dominicus (see 1); grass p. = field plover (b); great p., the stone curlew, Œdicnemus scolopax (Œ. crepitans); greater p., the greenshank (Swainson); green p., (a) = golden plover; (b) in Ireland, the lapwing; grey p., (a) Squatarola helvetica; (b) in Ireland, the golden plover in its summer plumage; (c) in Scotland, the knot, Tringa canutus, in its winter plumage (Swainson); heath p. = golden plover; Helvetian p. = grey plover (a); highland p. = field plover (b); hill p., in Scotland = golden plover; Kentish p., a British ring plover, ægialitis cantianus; lark p., a quail-snipe of the S. Amer. genus Thinocorys, allied to the sheath-bills; long-legged p., the stilt; mountain p., in western U.S., Podasocys montanus; mud p. = grey plover (a); noisy p. = chattering p.; Norfolk p. = great p.; oyster p., the oyster-catcher; pasture p. = field plover (b); piping p., a N. Amer. ringed plover, ægialitis melodus; plain p., prairie p. = field plover (b); red-legged p., in U.S., the turnstone; ring p., ringed p., one of various small species, ringed or barred about the neck, etc., mostly of the genus ægialitis, esp. the British æ. hiaticula; rock p., in Ireland, = grey plover (a); ruddy p., the adult male sanderling in summer plumage (Swainson); † russet p. = golden plover; sand p., a local name for birds of the genus ægialitis (Newton); sea p. = grey plover (a) (Swainson); silver p., the knot in winter plumage; Spanish p., in Jamaica, the willet, Symphemia semipalmata; speckled-back p., in U.S., the turnstone, Strepsilas interpres; spotted p.: see quot.; spur-winged p., any species of Chettusia; stone p., (a) the stone curlew; (b) in Ireland, = grey plover (a); (c) = ringed plover; (d) the dotterel; (e) any shore plover of the genus æsacus; (f) the bar-tailed godwit; (g) the whimbrel; strand p., in Ireland, = grey plover (a) (Swainson); streaked-back p., in U.S., the turnstone; swallow p., any species of pratincole (Glareola); Swiss p. = grey plover (a); upland p. = field plover (b); variegated p., the turnstone; whistling p., (a) = golden plover; (b) = grey plover (a) (Swainson); (c) the stone curlew; wry-billed p. = crook-billed plover; yellow p., in Scotland, = golden plover; yellow-legged p., in U.S., either species of yellowshanks (Totanus): see 1.
1552Huloet, Plouer called *bastarde plouer, or blacke plouer, vpupa. 1839Stonehouse Axholme 67 The pee-wit or bastard plover still hovers around its accustomed haunts.
1538Elyot Dict., Vpupa, a lapwynk or *blacke plouer.
1743Edwards Nat. Hist. Birds I. 47 The *Black-breasted Indian Plover..is something bigger than the Lapwing.
1754Catesby Nat. Hist. Carolina III. Catal. 2. 71 The *Chattering Plover..Charadrius vociferus.
1893Newton Dict. Birds 109 *Crab-plover, the Anglo-Indian name for a curious bird of wide range, frequenting the east coast of Africa from the Red Sea to Natal, as well as the northern..shores of the Indian Ocean, the Bay of Bengal,..Dromas ardeola.
1785Latham Synopsis Birds III. i. 193 *Golden Plover. 1797T. Bewick Brit. Birds l. 330 The Golden Plover is common in this country, and all the northern parts of Europe. 1834McMurtrie Cuvier's Anim. Kingd. 146 Charadrius pluvialis..(The Golden Plover)..is the most common of all, and is found throughout the whole globe.
1797T. Bewick Brit. Birds I. 321 The *Great Plover. Thick-knee'd Bustard, Stone Curlew, Norfolk Plover. 1843Yarrell Hist. Birds II. 381 The Great Plover..is..much more numerous in the southern and south-eastern counties of England than far to the west, or to the north.
1678Ray Willughby's Ornith 298 *Greater Plover of Aldrovand: the Venetian Limosa of Gesner.
1590R. Payne Descr. Irel. (1841) 7 Heathcocks, Plovers, *greene and gray. 1624Capt. Smith Virginia v. 171 Many sorts of Fowles, as..the gray and greene Plouer, some wilde Ducks. 1678Ray Willughby's Ornith. 308 The green Plover, Pluvialis viridis. 1828Scott Tales Grandf. Ser. ii. l. (1841) 228/2 That beautiful bird the Green-plover, in Scottish called the Peese-weep.
a1549in Gentl. Mag. May (1813) 427/1 Plovers *grey the dosen, iij s. 1674Ray Words, Water Fowl 91 The Grey-plover, Pluvialis cinerea. 1838Encycl. Brit. (ed. 7) XVI. 617/2 The gray plover (Charadrius squatarola)..distinguished..by a very small hind toe. 1885Swainson Provinc. Names Birds 195 Knot (Tringa canutus)... But the sober tints of its feathers in winter have caused it to be called..Grey plover (Scotland).
1828Stark Elem. Nat. Hist. I. 288 C. Cantianus... The *Kentish Plover.
1768Pennant Zool. II. 380 The *long-legged plover..is the most singular of the British birds. 1840Penny Cycl. XVIII. 285/1 Himantopus melanopterus... This is..the Stilt Plover, Long-legged Plover, and Longshanks of the modern British.
1785Pennant Arct. Zool. II. 484 *Noisy Plover... Inhabits New York, Virginia and Carolina. 1797Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) IV. 341/2 The [Charadrius] Vociferus, or Noisy Plover..has black streaks on the breast, neck, forehead, and cheeks.
1768Pennant Zool. II. 378 The *Norfolk Plover.
1797T. Bewick Brit. Birds I. 334 The Ring Dotterel, *Ring Plover, or Sea Lark (Charadrius Hiaticula [etc.])... These birds..migrate into Britain in the spring, and depart in autumn.
1785Pennant Arct. Zool. II. 486 *Ruddy Plover with a black strait bill.
1634Althorp MS. in Simpkinson Washingtons (1860) App. p. xxiii, For a *sea plover 00 01 00.
1750Edwards Nat. Hist. Birds III. 140 The *Spotted-Plover. 1797Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) IV. 341/2 The [Charadrius] Apricarius..is the spotted Plover of Edwards..a native of Canada.
1785Latham Synopsis Birds III. i. 213 Plover. *Spur-winged. Size of the Golden Plover. 1840Penny Cycl. XVIII. 284/2 The Spur-winged Plovers..are very numerous and exceedingly noisy. 1893Newton Dict. Birds 507 Allied to the Lapwing are several forms..Hoplopterus spinosus, the Spur-winged Plover.
1678Ray Willughby's Ornith. 292 The Godwit, called in some places..the *Stone-Plover. 1768Wales in Phil. Trans. LX. 117 We shot a few birds, much about the size, colour, and make of a woodcock: these they call here stone-plover.
1840Penny Cycl. XVIII. 279/2 The Couriers..are closely united to the Pratincoles, or *Swallow-Plovers, forming the genus Glareola.
1682S. Wilson Acc. Carolina 12 On the grassy plaines the *whistling Plover and Cranes.
†3. Old Cant.
a. A ‘pigeon’, a dupe, a victim.
b. A courtesan. Obs.
1614B. Jonson Bart. Fair iv. v, Here will be Zekiell Edgworth, and three or foure gallants, with him at night, and I ha' neither Plouer nor Quaile for 'hem. 1626― Staple of N. ii. iii, Who's here?..what Plouer's that They haue brought to pull? Bra. I know not, some green Plouer. I'le find him out. 1631Chapman Cæsar & Pompey ii. i. Wks. 1873 III. 142 Thou art a most greene Plouer in policy, I Perceiue.
4. attrib. and Comb., as plover-folk, plover-net, plover-shooting; plover-haunted adj., plover-like adj. and adv.; plover-billed turnstone U.S., the surf-bird, Aphriza virgata; plover-quail, any species of Pedionomus; plover-snipe, any bird of the Pressirostres; plover's provider = plover-page.
1904H. Sutcliffe in Westm. Gaz. 31 May 2/4 Wide wastes of sky and wind, Of hawk and *plover-folk!
1869T. W. Higginson Army Life (1870) 197 Some lonely ride..on the *plover-haunted barrens.
1873Tristram Moab xii. 217 The sand-grouse,..*plover-like, kept skimming past in flocks large and small. 1895Pop. Sci. Monthly Apr. 766 We have the pratincoles..curious little ploverlike birds.
1404Nottingham Rec. II. 22, j. *plover nett, xij d. 1551Richmond Wills (Surtees) 71 To Thomas Parwyne on plower nett with all geyr pertenyng to it.
1874J. W. Long Amer. Wild-fowl iii. 74 Others, who understand *plover-shooting better than wild-fowling, say, ‘Wait for them to double’.
1892Dickinson Cumb. Gloss. 380 Sea moose,..Plover's page, *Plover's provider. |
