| 释义 |
▪ I. fund, n.|fʌnd|
[ad. L. fund-us the bottom; also, a piece of land. Cf. fond n.
Fund and fond were used indiscriminately in the 17th c.; in the 18th c. fond went out of use. The senses represent those of F. fond, fonds, rather than those of L. fundus.]
†1.
a. The bottom; in various application; occas. Phys. = fundus. in the fund (= F. dans le fond, au fond): at bottom. fund of grass: a low-lying grass-plat. Cf. bottom n. 4 b. Obs.
1677Gale Crt. Gentiles II. iv. 36 An adventitious joy, which hath no funde or bottome. 1682H. More Annot. Glanvill's Lux O. 18 Objects of Sight, whose Chief, if not onely Images, are in the fund of the Eye. 1705Vanbrugh Confed. iv. Wks. (Rtldg.) 431/2 In the fund she is the softest, sweetest, gentlest lady breathing. 1709Brit. Apollo II. No. 77. 2/1 A Glass-Bubble..fix'd..to the Fund of a Vessel. 1712J. James tr. Le Blond's Gardening 61 Bowling-Greens, or hollow Funds of Grass. 1737Bracken Farriery Impr. (1757) II. 281 So that the Wound may be closed in its whole Length, from the Fund to the outward Orifice. a1761Law Comf. Weary Pilgr. (1809) 58 This depth is called the center, the fund or bottom of the soul.
†b. A coach-seat. (Cf. F. carrosse à deux fonds.) Obs.
1699M. Lister Journ. Paris 12 The Coaches..of the great Nobility..have two Seats or Funds.
c. of a medal.
1697Evelyn Numism. vi. 214 Moulding Medals..in case they polish the Fund with any Tool, 'twill seem to have been trimm'd with more Niceness and Formality than is Genuine.
†2. Foundation, groundwork, basis; only in immaterial sense; = fond n. 1. upon one's own fund: on one's own account. Obs.
1677Gale Crt. Gentiles II. iii. 143 A secret desire of Independence..is graven on the very fund of our corrupt nature. 1699Bentley Phal. 75 The only Fund for this Conjecture is Hermippus's Relation of Pythagoras's Death. 1729Butler Serm. Wks. 1874 II. 12 Weak ties indeed, and what may afford fund enough for ridicule. 1745De Foe Eng. Tradesman Introd. (1841) I. 3 The..British product, being the fund of its inland trade. 1748H. Walpole Corr. (1837) II. cxciii. 239, I took to him for his resemblance to you; but am grown to love him upon his own fund.
3. Source of supply; a permanent stock that can be drawn upon:
†a. of material things. Rarely pl. Obs.
1695Woodward Nat. Hist. Earth i. (1723) 52 The Matter it self [being] restored to its original Fund and Promptuary, the Earth. 1716R. Cotes in Phil. Trans. XXXI. 69 For let A B, represent the plane of the Horizon..E F, a fund of Vapours or Exhalations at a considerable height above us. 1725Wodrow Corr. (1843) III. 231, I know not what funds they have of the papers of those times. 1757A. Cooper Distiller i. xviii. (1760) 79 Nor is this the only Fund of their Brandies. 1793N. Vansittart Refl. Propriety Peace 127 An inexhaustible fund of recruits may be drawn from Hungary. 1796Morse Amer. Geog. I. 757 The northern parts are covered with wood, among which is an inexhaustible fund of large timber.
b. of immaterial things; = fond n. 2; sometimes with mixture of sense 2. † out of one's own fund [= F. de son propre fonds]: from one's own stock of knowledge, out of one's own head.
a1704T. Brown Wks. (1707) I. ii. 81 The translating most of the French letters gave me as much trouble as if I had written them out of my own fund. 1723De Foe Col. Jack (1840) 185 Nor had I a fund of religious knowledge. 1769Junius Lett. xvi. 73 There is a fund of good sense in this country, which cannot be deceived. 1770Langhorne Plutarch (1879) I. 400/1 Learning..ought not to be considered as mere pastime and an useless fund for talk. 1832H. Martineau Life in Wilds vi. 80 When we get such a fund of labour as this at our command. 1863Mrs. C. Clarke Shaks. Char. xii. 300 Beatrice possesses a fund of hidden tenderness beneath her exterior gaiety and sarcasm. 1877A. B. Edwards Up Nile vi. 134 The Painter..brings a fund of experience into the council.
4. a. sing. A stock or sum of money, esp. one set apart for a particular purpose. Cf. fond n. 3. sinking fund: see sinking vbl. n.
1694Massachusetts Law 27 Oct., A fund for the repayment of all such sums. 1726–7Swift Gulliver i. vi, Or, if that fund be deficient, it is largely supplied by the crown. 1764Goldsm. Trav. 202 And e'en those ills, that round his mansion rise, Enhance the bliss his scanty fund supplies. 1795Gentl. Mag. 544/2 The principal projector of the fund for decayed musicians. 1838Dickens Nich. Nick. xvi, A small fund raised by the conversion of some spare clothes into ready money. 1868G. Duff Pol. Surv. 25 There is a reserve fund, valued at from two to three times the amount of the yearly expenditure.
b. pl. Money at a person's disposal; pecuniary resources. (to be or put) in funds: in possession of money.
1728Young Love Fame i. (1757) 86 By your revenue measure your expence; And to your funds and acres join your sense. 1798Picton L'pool Munic. Rec. (1886) II. 225 Your Committee has little doubt of its bringing into the Corporation Funds a sum of money. 1848Mill Pol. Econ. i. v. §2. (1876) 41 Funds which have not yet found an investment. 1849Thackeray Pendennis (1885) II. 17 When he had no funds he went on tick. 1873C. Robinson N.S. Wales 93 An additional guarantee from the public funds of one-half the cost of building. 1879M. E. Braddon Clov. Foot II. i. 11 When he was in funds he preferred a hansom. 1895Budd in Law Times XCIX. 545/1 With a view to putting the society in funds to pay its out-of-pocket disbursements.
5.
†a. sing. A portion of revenue set apart as a security for specified payments. Obs.
a1700B. E. Dict. Cant. Crew s.v., A Staunch Fund, a good Security. a1715Burnet Own Time (1734) II. 209 The parliament went on slowly in fixing the fund for the Supplies they had voted. 1726–31Tindal Rapin's Hist. Eng. (1743) II. xvii. 135 Some good fund should be assigned her for the payment of what was due. 1740W. Douglass Disc. Curr. Brit. Plant. Amer. 13 The 500,000l. lately proposed without Fund or Period. 1776Adam Smith W.N. v. iii. (1869) II. 513 The first general mortgage or fund, consisting of a prolongation to the first of August 1706, of several different taxes which would have expired within a shorter term.
fig.1819J. Marshall Const. Opin. (1839) 152 Industry, talents and integrity constitute a fund which is as confidently trusted as property itself.
b. the (public) funds: the stock of the national debt, considered as a mode of investment.
(The origin of this sense may perh. be illustrated by phrases like ‘to invest in securities’.)
1713Steele Englishm. No. 55. 353 Methought my Mony chink'd..for joy of the Safety of the rest I have in the Funds. 1783Cowper Let. 23 Nov., If he be the happiest man who has least money in the funds. 1809R. Langford Introd. Trade 52 Funds is a general term for money lent to government, and which constitutes the national debt. 1848Thackeray Van. Fair xx, Look what the funds were on the 1st of March. 1875W. S. Hayward Love agst. World ii. 10 He..must have close on a hundred and fifty thousand in the funds.
†6. In sense of L. fundus: A farm. Obs.—1
1708Motteux Rabelais (1737) V. 230 You to your..rural Fund migrate.
7. Printing. = fount2. Also attrib.
1683[see fount2]. 1695Specimen of Let. to Univ. by Dr. John Fell, 5 Pair of Fund Cases. 1709Tanner Let. 3 Oct. in Hearne Collect. II. 458 They can have a new fund of Letter from Holland.
8. Comb., as fund-raising adj. and n.; so fund-raiser; fund-holder, one who has money invested in the public funds; so fund-holding ppl. adj.; fund-lord (formed by Cobbett after land-lord), a magnate whose position is due to wealth invested in the funds; fund-monger, one who speculates in the public funds; whence fund-mongering vbl. n.
1797Fox Sp. Assessed Tax Bill 14 Dec. Sp. (1815) VI. 375 Would you tax the property of the *fund-holder? 1812H. Campbell in Examiner 25 May 333/1 In 1688..the fundholder received about 80 quartern loaves for his pound sterling annuity. 1878F. Harrison in Fortn. Rev. Nov. 697 If the Sovereign State borrows money at 3 per cent., it..confers on the fundholder a legal right.
1825Cobbett Rur. Rides (1830) I. 81 The taxes being, in fact, tripled by Peel's Bill, the *fundlords increase in riches. 1888Pall Mall G. 18 Apr. 3/1 The Rothschild family..those land-absorbing Fund-lords.
1862N.Y. Tribune 12 June (Cent.) Importing that the present civil war has been got up jobbers, swindlers and *fund-mongers.
1886N. Amer. Rev. Sept. CXLIII. 210 Thoroughly imbued with its hostility to perpetual debt and *fund-mongering.
1957V. Packard Hidden Persuaders i. 8 A great many advertising men, publicists, *fund raisers, personnel experts, and political leaders..still do a straightforward job. 1961Guardian 26 Jan. 22/6 Money should..be available for a..memorial..if the Press gave the fund⁓raisers its backing.
1940Struct. Amer. Econ. (Nat. Resources Planning Board) ii. 39/1 The entire present contributory basis of the social security system could be reexamined with a view..to merging *fund-raising for social security with fund raising for all other governmental purposes. 1954Koestler Invis. Writing xx. 224 Willy asked me to..write a fund-raising pamphlet about it. 1959Times 30 Dec. 9/1 A worldly young Rabbi who is more interested in fund-raising than in religious rites. 1964A. Wykes Gambling x. 242 The fund-raising potentials of the state lottery. 1970New Yorker 14 Nov. 44/2 Marriage and fatherhood eventually nudged him into public relations and fund-raising.
Add:[8.] fund-holder, (b) Brit., a general practitioner who is provided with and controls his or her own budget; also transf. of a medical practice.
1991Brit. Med. Jrnl. 9 Mar. 581/1 He is also anxious that his block contracts—which specify six quality measures for each specialty, such as waiting times and communication with general practitioners—should not be used to subsidise purchasers at the margin, particularly general practitioner fundholders. Ibid. 16 Mar. 638/1 The hope is..that as non-fundholders watch the fundholders—many of whom are among the best practices—get good deals for their patients they will want them too. 1992Economist 29 Feb. 35/1 GP fundholders and opted-out hospitals are determined to defend their new-found privileges. 1993Guardian 26 Oct. i. 2/5 She rejected criticisms that GP fundholders were creating a two-tier system of care, saying their ability to purchase services directly had instead ‘gingered up’ health authorities into improving services for all patients.
so fund-holding n. and adj.
1989Independent 23 Nov. 3/3 As with self-governing hospitals, which the Bill firmly describes as ‘NHS Trusts’, ministers have changed the name from ‘practice budgets’ to ‘fund-holding practices’ to remove the word budget from the title. 1991Pulse 6 Apr. 84/6 GP fundholding is largely credited to a personal initiative by former Health Secretary Kenneth Clarke who introduced it into the NHS reforms after the original concept of the new NHS internal market..had been agreed. 1993Private Eye 4 June 10/2 Hertfordshire now has so many fundholding GPs competing and bickering over contracts that cash-strapped hospitals are unable to cope with their excessive demands. 1993Guardian 20 Oct. i. 2/8 The royal colleges are anxious for action to curb what they call the gross inequalities of care produced by fund-holding, and the growing practice of hospitals refusing elective (non-emergency) treatment for patients of other doctors once contracts are fulfilled. 1995Nursing Times 22 Mar. 148/1 (Advt.), Associate Nurse required to work with..a busy 20,000 patient, fundholding, computerised general practice.
▪ II. fund, v.|fʌnd|
[f. prec. n.]
1. trans. Originally, to provide a ‘fund’ (see fund n. 5) for the regular payment of the interest on (an amount of public debt); hence, to convert (a floating debt) into a more or less permanent debt at a fixed rate of interest.
1776[see funded ppl. a.]. 1789T. Jefferson Writ. (1859) II. 584 If they fund their public debt judiciously..I believe they will be able to borrow any sums they please. 1802Addington in G. Rose Diaries (1860) I. 513 Exchequer bills, which he says he shall..fund. 1845McCulloch Taxation iii. ii. (1852) 454 Had it been funded in a six and a quarter or six and a half per cent. stock, the interest might have been reduced five and twenty years ago to 4 or 4½ per cent.
2. To put into a fund or store (see fund n. 3 b); to collect; to store (immaterial things).
1806–7J. Beresford Miseries Hum. Life (1826) vii. Introd., I have been little in a humour for..noting them down in my tablets;—I have funded a few loose agonies, however. [? Allusion to sense 1.] 1845Ford Handbk. Spain i. 50 Every day and everywhere we are unconsciously funding a stock of treasures and pleasures of memory. 1879Family Herald XLIII. 109 A reserve of lion-like courage was funded ready for use in that dull mass of matter.
3. To put (money) in the ‘funds’ (see fund n. 5 b); to invest.
1855Thackeray Newcomes II. 48, I. R. sent a hundred pounds over to his father..who funded it in his son's name.
4. intr. to fund up: to ‘pay up’, provide funds.
1888Fenn Man with Shadow II. xix. 223 You will have to fund up among the rest, if you don't want to see your poor parson in rags.
5. trans. To supply with funds, pay (a person); to finance (a position or enterprise).
1900Westm. Gaz. 6 July 6/3 The War Office had..given the London Scottish commander to understand that they..would ‘fund’..the 320 men who were in readiness to join the emergency camp. 1966New Statesman 7 Jan. 27/4 (Advt.), These posts are funded from a Hayter Committee Grant. 1970Sci. Jrnl. Jan. 28/4 We work in a system in which research projects are funded by grants. 1970Sunday Times 8 Mar. 60/8 An average local radio station..costs {pstlg}80,000 a year to run. Eventually all will be funded wholly by the BBC, at an annual cost..of some {pstlg}3,200,000.
Hence ˈfunding ppl. a., in sense 1.
a1852Moore Country Dance & Quad. 98 [John Bull] unfleeced by funding block heads.
▪ III. fund, fund-
see found, found-. |
