| 释义 |
philo-|fɪləʊ|
before a vowel (or h) usually phil- |fɪl|, repr. Gr. ϕιλο-, ϕιλ-, combining form from root of ϕιλ-εῖν to love, ϕίλ-ος dear, friend (cf. µισο-, miso-, from µῑσ-εῖν to hate, µῖσ-ος hate, hatred). The number of compounds so formed in Greek was very great; usually they were adjs., having derived ns. and other words, and capable themselves also of being used as ns.; e.g. ϕιλόσοϕος loving wisdom, a lover of wisdom, whence ϕιλοσοϕία, ϕιλοσοϕικός, ϕιλοσοϕεῖν to philosophize, etc.; ϕίλορνις fond of birds, ϕιλορνῑθία fondness for birds, etc. Among these were some formed on national names, as ϕιλέλλην loving the Hellenes or Greeks, ϕιλολάκων loving the Lacedæmonians. Many of the Greek compounds have come down (frequently through Latin, and usually with formative suffixes) into English; and, on the model of these, philo- (phil-) has been employed to form new compounds, the second element of which is properly Greek, but often Latin, and even, esp. in nonce-words, English or in Eng. use. Philo- has thus become a living element, esp. with national names, as philo-German, philo-Russian, philo-Turk, and the like.
Examples are: phil-aristocracy, philo-athlete, philo-athletic [cf. Gr. ϕιλαθλητής], philo-hymnic [Gr. ϕίλυµνος] (loving hymns), philo-orthodox; philo-botanic, philo-botanist, philo-cathartic, philo-catholic, philo-dramatic, philo-dramatist, philo-felon, philo-garlic, philo-irenist, philo-mathematic(al, philo-musical, philo-mystic, philo-mythology (love of fables), philo-mythy [Gr. ϕιλοµυθία love of talk], philo-pagan, philo-peristeronic (pigeon-fancying), philo-pig, philo-poet, philo-publican, philo-radical, philo-tadpole, philo-theorist [cf. Gr. ϕιλοθέωρος], etc. Among those formed on national names are phil-African, philo-Arabian, philo-Arabic, philo-Athenian; philo-Athenian [cf. Gr. ϕιλαθήναιος], philo-French, philo-Gallic (-ism), philo-German (-ism), philo-Greek, philo-Hindu, philo-Jew, philo-Laconian [Gr. ϕιλολάκων], philo-Peloponnesian, philo-Pole, philo-Polish, philo-Slav, philo-Teuton (-ism), philo-Turk (-ish, -ism), philo-Yankee (-ist), philo-Zionist, etc. Among humorous nonce-words are philo-destructiveness, philo-financitive, philo-foxhuntingness, philo-legislativeness, in ridicule of the phrenological philoprogenitiveness. Also philarchaist |-ˈɑːkeɪɪst| [see archaist, and cf. Gr. ϕιλάρχαιος], a lover of what is ancient, an antiquary. philˈhippic a. [Gr. ἵππος horse: cf. Gr. ϕίλιππος], fond of or interested in horses; so phiˈlippy [after philanthropy: cf. Gr. ϕιλιππία], love for or kindness to a horse or horses. philoˈbrutish a., characterized by love of or kindness to the brutes or lower animals; so philoˈbrutist, a lover of brutes. philocalist |fɪˈlɒkəlɪst| [Gr. ϕιλόκαλος, f. καλός beautiful], a lover of beauty; so phiˈlocaly, love of beauty. phiˈlocomal a. [cf. Gr. ϕιλόκοµος, f. κόµη hair], characterized by love of or attention to the hair. phiˈlocubist [Gr. ϕιλόκυβος fond of dice (Aristophanes)], a lover of dice-play. philocynic |-ˈsɪnɪk| [Gr. κύων, κυν- dog: see cynic; after philanthropic] a., loving dogs, fond of dogs; n. a lover of dogs; so philoˈcynical a.; phiˈlocynism, phiˈlocyny, love of dogs. philodemic |-ˈdɛmɪk| a. [Gr. ϕιλόδηµος, f. δῆµος the people], loving the people. philoˈdendrist [cf. Gr. ϕιλόδενδρος tree-loving, f. δένδρον tree], a lover of trees. philoepiorcian |-ɛpɪˈɔːsɪən| a. [Gr. ἐπιορκία false oath], loving false oaths. philofelist |fɪlɒˈfiːlɪst| [L. fēles, -is cat], a lover of cats. phiˈlogalist [Gr. γαλέη, γαλῆ pole-cat, taken as = cat], = prec. philoˈgastric a. [Gr. γαστήρ belly], loving the stomach, indulging the appetite. philogenitive |-ˈdʒɛnɪtɪv| a. [see genitive], inclined to procreation, or to sexual indulgence; hence philoˈgenitiveness. philoˈkleptic a. [Gr. κλέπτης robber], fond of thieves or robbers. philoˈmelanist [Gr. µελαν- black] a Negrophile. philomuse |ˈfɪləʊmjuːz| a. [Gr. ϕιλόµουσος], loving the Muses. philonoist |fɪˈlɒnəʊɪst| [Gr. νόος, νοῦς mind, understanding], a lover of knowledge. † philoˈplutary [cf. Gr. ϕιλόπλουτος], a lover of wealth; so † philopluˈtonic a. (erron. for *philoplutic), loving wealth. philoˈpogon [Gr. πώγων beard], a lover of beards. philopoˈlemic a. [cf. Gr. ϕιλοπόλεµος, f. πόλεµος war], fond of war or strife; so philopoˈlemical a. philoˈpornist [cf. Gr. ϕιλόπορνος, f. πόρνη harlot], a lover of harlots. philorchiˈdaceous a., fond of orchids. philornithic |-ɔːˈnɪθɪk| a. [cf. Gr. ϕίλορνις, f. ὄρνις, ὀρνῑθ- bird], fond of birds. philo-ˈSemite, one who is favourable to or who supports the Jews; also as adj.; so philo-Seˈmitic a.; philo-ˈSemitism, theory, action, or practice directed in favour of the Jews. philothaumaturgic |-θɔːməˈtɜːdʒɪk| a. [see thaumaturgic], loving works of wonder. philotheism |ˈfɪləʊθiːɪz(ə)m| [cf. Gr. ϕιλόθεος, f. θεός God], love of God; so ˈphilotheist, a lover of God; hence philotheˈistic a. philoˈtherian a. and n. [Gr. θήρ wild beast], (a person) that loves wild animals; so philoˈtherianism, love of wild animals. † philoxygenous |-ɒkˈsɪdʒɪnəs| a., having an affinity for oxygen (obs.). philozoic |-ˈzəʊɪk| a. [Gr. ζῷον animal, after philanthropic], loving or showing kindness to animals; so philoˈzoist (erron. -zoonist), a lover of animals.
1897Current Hist. (Buffalo, N.Y.) VII. 224 The *Phil⁓african Liberators' League is an association..to work for the extinction of the African slave trade.
1750Student I. 42 The *Phil-Arabians think that..theirs [Arabic]..may be made very instrumental in illustrating the present Hebrew text.
1652Urquhart Jewel Wks. (1834) 211 New Palestine, as the Kirkomanetick *Philarchaists would have it [Scotland] called.
1820Examiner No. 612. 1/1 Ready to put a grave panegyrical face on his elderly Odes and *philaristocracy.
1908Westm. Gaz. 19 Aug. 4/3 Are we to suspect a *phil-Athenian bias in the story?
1922S. Leslie Oppidan xi. 133 The *Philathlete and the Philistine.
1864Trevelyan Compet. Wallah (1866) 14 The *Phil⁓athletic club at Harrow. 1890Sat. Rev. 13 Dec. 672/1 Every sport known to the philathletic Briton. 1905Blackw. Mag. Dec. 811/2 Pick out an untrained but philathletic young Englishman. 1922S. Leslie Oppidan iii. 42 In an anti-musical philathletic school he was always anxious to impress the new boys. 1929Observer 17 Nov. 11/2 The Sixth Form cricket ground and the Philathletic field of the School have been zoned as residential areas.
1886World 24 Feb. 11 The state-carriage horses..excited much admiration in a very *philhippic population.
1861Longman's List Oct., Hymnologia Christiana: Psalms and Hymns..Selected or Contributed by *Philhymnie Friends.
1799E. Du Bois Piece Family Biog. II. 146 The old Welchman in pure *philippy, took his horse out of the road.
1922Joyce Ulysses 574 Modern *philirenists, notably the tsar and the King of England, have invented arbitration.
1865W. Whitman November Boughs (1888) 106 He will not countenance at all the demand of the extreme *Philo-African element of the North.
1850Grote Greece ii. lxi. (1862) V. 343 The tone of feeling in Lesbos had been found to be decidedly *philo-Athenian.
1856Delamer Fl. Gard. (1861) Pref., To volunteer as gate-opener to other fields of *Philobotanic Literature.
1824Bentham Mem. & Corr. Wks. 1843 X. 543, I am glad to hear your master has turned *Philo-Botanist at last.
1826Sporting Mag. XVIII. 137 These days of *philo-brutish refinement.
Ibid. XVII. 124 The *Philobrutists may carry their humanity too far.
1861J. Brown Horæ Subs. (1862) 353 This poor..creature was a *philocalist: he had a singular love of flowers and of beautiful women.
1891Sat. Rev. 24 Jan. 113/2 His ‘*philocaly’ is ..destitute of vigour.
1822Syd. Smith Wks. (1859) II. 2/1 If..the apothecary, the druggist, and the physician, all called upon him to abandon his *philocathartic propensities.
1893Swinburne Stud. Prose & Poetry (1894) 108 The *philocatholic whiggery of Macaulay and Tom Moore.
1869Daily Tel. 14 Jan. 5/4 To consider the present state of the *philocomal art.
1822T. Mitchell Aristoph. II. 179 You Amynias there—hist!—A *philocubist?—Miss'd.
1815Moore Life Byron (1833) III. 143 note, You, who are one of the *philocynic sect. 1887Sat. Rev. 21 May 730/2 The philanthropic and the philocynic zeal of Lord Harrowby and Lord Mount-Temple.
c1843M. J. Higgins Ess. (1875) 87, I admired my ingenious friend's *philo-cynical treaty with Mr. William Sykes.
1865Spectator 4 Mar. 240/2 Miss Baker's *philocynism rose into a passion for a particular bull-dog.
1839Blackw. Mag. XLV. 478 Our *philocyny developed itself at the earliest possible period.
1870Lowell Study Wind. 44 This..does too much mischief to the trees for a *philodendrist to take unmixed pleasure in.
1841J. T. J. Hewlett Parish Clerk I. 101 The organ of *philo-destructiveness would have been found strongly developed.
1833Fraser's Mag. VIII. 42 James Smith may indeed be well called a *philo-dramatic poet.
1817Coleridge Biog. Lit. xxiii. (1882) 274 The enlightened and patriotic assemblage of *philodramatists.
1838G. S. Faber Inquiry 239 They must have borrowed their *philöepiorcian maxim from some lurking remnant of the Priscillianists, who flourished in Spain in the time of Augustine.
a1843Southey Doctor, Fragm. (1848) 681/2 The Laureate, Dr. Southey, who is known to be a *philofelist, and confers honours upon his Cats according to their services. Ibid. 684/2 He made himself acquainted with all the philofelists of the family.
1831― in Q. Rev. XLIV. 277 A monument..of Jeremy's philosophico-*philofelon philanthropy.
1829Blackw. Mag. XXVI. 743 Never having heard of a *philo-financitive bump, we fear it can be nothing better than acquisitiveness.
1828Sporting Mag. XXII. 271 An impression on the organ of *philo-foxhuntingness..not very easily to be effaced.
1894in Daily News 3 Nov. 5/6, I believe he is not so much *philo-French as Prussophobe.
1821Southey Lett. (1856) III. 240 You, Grosvenor, who are a *philogalist, and therefore understand more of cat nature than has ever been attained by the most profound naturalists.
1870Daily News 19 Nov., Mr. Carlyle's fierce philo-Germanism is as dangerous a sentiment as the blind *philo-Gallicism against which he lifts up his voice.
1847De Quincey Spanish Nun ix, With these *philo-garlic men Kate took her departure.
1884West. Daily Press 16 Dec. 7/3 The *philogastric propensities of boys.
1816Gentl. Mag. LXXXVI. i. 255 If he be given to mystery, Or fond of individuality, Or *philo⁓genitive, or whatsoe'er His passion be.
1823Byron Juan xii. xxii, I say, methinks that ‘*Philo-genitiveness’ Might meet from men a little more forgiveness.
1852Fraser's Mag. XLII. 482 No sentimental *philo-Hindoo.
1865Pall Mall G. 22 June 9 What will the Italian Government say to such a *philokleptic proceeding on our part?
1850Grote Greece ii. lxi. (1862) V. 345 The active *philo-Laconian party.
1832Fraser's Mag. VI. 733 Sawing through your organ of *philolegislativeness.
c1670Settle in Johnson L.P., Dryden (1781) II. 36 Poor Robin, or any other of the *philomathematicks, would have given him satisfaction in the point. 1700Moxon Math. Dict. 67 The Philo-Mathematick Reader.
1734Berkeley Analyst Query 55 Those *philomathematical physicians, anatomists, and dealers in the animal economy.
1833De Quincey Rev. Greece Wks. 1862 X. 120 note, The original (or *Philomuse society)..adopted literature for its ostensible object.
1811Busby Dict. Mus. (ed. 3), *Philomusical.
1752H. Walpole Lett. to Montagu l, A true born Englishman and *philomystic.
1612T. Scot (title) *Philomythie, or *Philomythologie, wherein Outlandish Birds, Beasts, and Fishes, are Taught to Speake True English.
1804Coleridge Lett., to R. Sharp (1895) 448 Philologists, *Philonoists, Physiophilists, keen hunters after knowledge and science.
1850Grote Greece ii. lxi. (1862) V. 343 The *philo-Peloponnesian party.
1828Southey Epistle to A. Cunningham 336 Who in all forms Of pork, baked, roasted, toasted, boil'd or broil'd,..Profess myself a genuine *Philopig.
a1876M. Collins Pen Sk. (1879) II. 72 He likes to outdo his *philoplutonic brethren in his wife's rank and silks, in the splendour of his house.
1720Swift Lett. Yng. Poet. 1 Dec., Wks. 1841 II. 300/2 A multitude of poetasters, poetitoes, parcel-poets, poet⁓apes, and *philo-poets.
1875R. F. Burton Gorilla L. (1876) I. 205 Whatever absurdity in hair may be demanded by the trichotomists and *philopogons of modern Europe.
1794T. Taylor Pausanias III. 242 She [Minerva] is called..*Philopolemic, as uniformly ruling over the opposing natures which the world contains.
1827Syd. Smith Wks. (1859) II. 127/2 The increasing arrogance of the Americans, and our own *philopolemical folly.
1893Swinburne Stud. Prose & Poetry (1894) 122 To the mealy-mouthed modern *philopornist the homely and hardy method of the old poet..may seem rough and brutal.
1896A. B. Bruce in Expositor Sept. 225 They called Him a drunkard, a glutton and a *philo-publican.
1884World 30 Apr. 6 A *phil⁓orchidaceous peer.
1862Ibis July 289 The smart game-bags and neat bird-cages testify at least to the *philornithic taste of the natives in one direction or another.
1888J. H. Overton & Eliz. Wordsw. Chr. Wordsworth 387 The love which you, so noble, so *philorthodox, so philhellenic, have displayed.
1946Koestler Thieves in Night 275 If the Jews were as the *philosemites describe them, there would be no reason for this Return. 1948Wyndham Lewis Let. 25 Oct. (1963) 467, I am not philosemite. 1976C. Bermant Coming Home i. 11. 28 All goyim were presumed to be antisemitten unless they showed definite proof to the contrary, whereupon they were pronounced Judenfreint—philosemites.
1962Observer 27 May 28/2 *Philo-semitic authors can be no whit less tedious than anti. 1977Daily Tel. 31 May 16 Both Jews and philo-Semitic people have been made aware of the ghastly similarities between the ‘old’ form of anti-Semitism and its ‘modern’ euphemism [sc. ‘anti-Zionism’].
1965New Statesman 16 Apr. 617/3 He calls attention to the scale and cohesion of the *philo-semitism now current in the cultural life of America. 1976M. J. Lasky Utopia & Revolution (1977) viii. 301 Philo-Semitism was a natural by-product of the enthusiasm with which the Puritan generation returned to the old books of the Bible for inspired guidance.
1886Pall Mall G. 14 Dec. 2/2 We see the real cause..and realize some hidden dangers which have nothing to do with *Philo-Slavism or Slavo-philism.
1862Lowell Biglow P. Ser. ii. 80 The thing was done, the tails were cropped, And home each *philotadpole hopped.
1891Abbott Philomythus ix. 235 Useless to the *philothaumaturgic soul.
1870Swinburne Ess. & Stud. (1875) 82 Baudelaire always kept in mind that Christianity..was not and could not be a creature of philanthropy or *philotheism, but of church and creed.
1829Landor Imag. Conv. Wks. 1853 I. 506/1 Polemics can never be philosophers or *philo⁓theists.
a1843Southey Doctor ccxiii. (1848) 577 The speculation, or conception (as the *Philotheistic philosopher himself called it) of Giordano Bruno.
1809–10Coleridge Friend (1818) III. 176, I distinguish, first, those whom you indeed may call *Philotheorists, or Philotechnists, or Practicians, and secondly those whom alone you may rightly denominate Philosophers, as knowing what the science of all these branches of science is.
1906Times 24 Aug. 1/2 The terrible cruelties practised on quadrupeds..have been..denounced by..that noble and devoted *philotherian. 1909Athenæum 23 Oct. 494/3 An indulgence having been accorded to persons..purchasing, perusing, or subscribing to any philotherian publication. Ibid. 495/1, I ask myself why the practice of charity, in the shape of *philotherianism, should be left out of sight.
1838New Monthly Mag. LIV. 132 Mr. Urquhart..is a *philo-Turk.
1895Eclectic Mag. Oct. 565 An anti-Russian and *philo-Turkish policy.
1799Beddoes Contrib. Phys. & Med. Knowl. 223 Should it be discovered that oxygen enters into their composition the terms *philoxygenous and misoxygenous must be changed.
1818Syd. Smith in Lady Holland Mem. (1855) II. 166, I..believe that I am to the full as much a *Philoyankeeist as you are.
189719th Cent. Oct. 628 The *Philo-Zionists recognise the mission: but they recognise the misery as well.
1868Daily News 15 Oct., The Society..is animated by, as we cannot say philanthropic, let us say *philozoic motives. 1887Huxley Ess., Progr. Sc. I. 122 Unless the fanaticism of philozoic sentiment overpowers the voice of humanity.
1831Examiner 219/2 That *philozoonist would certainly have introduced into his bill against ‘cruelty to animals’ a special clause. 1899Pop. Sci. Monthly May 140 Inconsistent philozoists. |
