| 释义 |
▪ I. surrogate, n. (a.)|ˈsʌrəgət|
Also 7 Sc. surragat, 8 illiterate suragat.
[ad. L. surrogātus, assimilated f. subrogātus subrogate pa. pple. Cf. It. surrogato, OF. surrogué.]
A. n.
1. A person appointed by authority to act in place of another; a deputy.
a. gen.
1604R. Cawdrey Table Alph., Surrogate, a deputie in anothers place. c1616Chapman Homer's Hymn to Mars 6 Ioint surrogate of Iustice [orig. συναρωγὲ θέµιστος]. 1618in T. Pont's Topogr. Acc. Cunningham (Maitl. Club) 202 Patrik Huntar,..executour-dative surragat, in place of the Procuratour-fischall. 1642Jer. Taylor Episc. (1647) 57 A helper, or a Surrogate in Government. 1657M. Hawke Killing is M. 24 Princes make others Surrogates, and Executioners of their Judicial Acts.
b. The deputy of an ecclesiastical judge, of a bishop or bishop's chancellor, esp. one who grants licences to marry without banns.
1603Const. & Canons Eccl. xciii, Any Iudge of the Prerogatiue Court, or any his Surrogate or his Register or Apparitor. 1631Star Chamber Cases (Camden) 76 The said Dunsterfeild..persuaded the said Skinner to goe with him to the Court to gett a licence for the marriage of the said parties. They came before the Surrogate. 1694E. Chamberlayne Pres. St. Eng. iii. (ed. 18) 359 If he be found duly qualified, the Bishop or his Surrogate, institutes him. 1753Act 26 Geo. II, c. 33 §7 That..no Surrogate deputed by any Ecclesiastical Judge, who hath Power to grant Licences of Marriage, shall [etc.]. 1885Times 12 Dec. 6/1 The president of the court [sc. the York Chancery Court] was represented by a surrogate. 1890W. C. Russell Marriage at Sea xv. Postscr., The Rev. Thomas Moore, Rector of All-hallows-the-Great, late Surrogate in the Diocese of Canterbury. 1912G. W. E. Russell Edw. King iv. 140 The Sentence of Consecration was read by the Surrogate.
c. Hist. In the former British colonies, one appointed to act as judge in the vice-admiralty court in place of a regular judge; in New York and some other States, a judge having jurisdiction over the probate of wills and settlement of estates of deceased persons.
1816Act 56 Geo. III, c. 82 The judicial Acts of Surrogates who have executed the Offices of Judges in the Courts of Vice Admiralty established in His Majesty's Plantations and Colonies. 1858Kent Comm. Amer. Law (ed. 9) II. v. xxxvii. 530 The first judge of the county acts in cases in which the surrogate is disqualified to act. 1867Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., Surrogates,..naval captains formerly acting for judges in Newfoundland. 1887Encycl. Brit. XXII. 695/2 In New Jersey the surrogate is an official of the orphans' court, grants unopposed probates, &c.
2. a. fig. and gen. A person or (usually) a thing that acts for or takes the place of another; a substitute. Const. for, of. Also as the second element of a Comb., chiefly in father-surrogate s.v. father n. 12, mother-surrogate s.v. mother n.1 17 a.
1644Bulwer Chirol. 15 The Hand was instituted Surrogate and Vicar of the Heart. 1650Fuller Pisgah iii. xii. 343 Hereupon a substitute or surrogate was provided for him to bear his Cross. 1830Blackw. Mag. XXVIII. 267 What corresponding force can be devised..? Certainly no absolute one; but, as the best surrogate, Kant proposes a Federal Union of States. 1845Foreign Q. Rev. XXXIV. 274 Fixedness of purpose and of principle was to him a surrogate for alacrity. 1869Carlyle in Mrs. Carlyle's Lett. III. 26 Getting up at six, and riding to Clapham Common..by way of surrogate for sleep. 1950A. Huxley Themes & Variations 46 Not a trace of the divine or the eternal remains, and the notions of State, Nation and Party are therefore free to expand into vast and monstrous caricatures of God. In the service of this God-surrogate and of his prophet, Efficiency, totalitarian dictators find it right and proper to behave with systematic savagery. 1970Masters & Johnson Human Sexual Inadequacy v. 147 Partner surrogate has been reserved to indicate the partner provided by the cotherapists for an unmarried man referred for treatment who has no one to provide psychological and physiological support during the acute phase of the therapy. 1979[see sex surrogate s.v. sex n. 5].
b. spec. = substitute n. 6 b.
1887Pall Mall G. 25 Nov. 5/1 That the word ‘butter’ shall be expunged from the trade name of all surrogates for butter. 1891F. L. Oswald in Voice (N.Y.) 5 Feb., Ground pepper, ground coffee, mustard and tea, are mixed with surrogates too numerous to mention. 1897Allbutt's Syst. Med. II. 896 Many other drugs are recommended..as surrogates for morphine.
c. spec. A surrogate partner in sex therapy.
1975M. Cole in S. Jacobson Sexual Problems 103 The use of male surrogates for the treatment of vaginismus and frigidity of various types has proved to be even more successful. 1976T. Sharpe Wilt xii. 119 ‘I was a surrogate,’ said Sally. ‘A surrogate?’ ‘Like a sex counsellor.’
d. A woman whose pregnancy arises from the implantation in her womb of a fertilized egg or embryo from another woman.
1978Time 5 June 59 The demand for surrogates remained strong... Despite potential legal problems, some have already opted for surrogate mothers. 1982New Scientist 7 Oct. 16 This slippery slope would begin to steepen if the same technical procedure were to be applied to a non-donor who was not sterile but who acted as a surrogate (‘foster mother’) for the donor.
B. attrib. or adj. That is a surrogate; taking the place of or standing for something else; representative. Now esp. in contexts where the substitute is intended to fulfil the emotional needs of a person. Also used in sense 2 d above.
a1638Mede Wks. (1672) 604 The Virgin-Christians of the Gentiles, (who are the Surrogate Israel). 182918th Rep. Comm. Crts. Justice Irel. 77 margin, Commission appointing Sir H. Meredyth Surrogate Judge. 1840J. Wilson Lect. Anc. Israel vi. 119 These Christian nations..being the spiritual, or surrogate Israel. 1910F. C. Conybeare in Encycl. Brit. (ed. 11) IX. 873/1 An ἀντίτυπον or surrogate body. 1955Times Lit. Suppl. 25 Feb. p. ix/1 Poe lived riotously in Dupin... Dupin was to him what Jim Hawkins was to Stevenson or Hadrian VII to Frederick Rolfe, a surrogate self living the life denied to the writer. 1977Time 15 Aug. 50/3 In the life of the mind, Saville lives a surrogate boyhood. 1977C. McFadden Serial (1978) xliii. 92/2 His Surrogate Parent for the session made him drink a lot of lemon-grass tea. 1978Surrogate mother [see sense 2 d above]. 1979Sci. Amer. June 36/3 Will this research lead..to the use of ‘surrogate parents’, where, for example, rich women might pay poor women to carry their children? 1979W. Styron Sophie's Choice xi. 316 Sophie found herself acting as a kind of surrogate kin, a younger sister or daughter.
▪ II. surrogate, v. Now rare or Obs.|ˈsʌrəgeɪt|
Also 7 (Sc.) -at; 6 (Sc.) pa. tense -ate, pa. pple. -at, -aitt, suregat, 6–7 pa. pple. -ate.
[f. L. surrogāt-, pa. ppl. stem of surrogāre, assimilated f. subrogāre to subrogate.]
1. trans. To appoint as a successor, substitute, or deputy: = subrogate v. 1.
1533Bellenden Livy ii. iv. (S.T.S.) I. 140 Þai belevit þat he wald vsurpe þe crovn, becaus he surrogate nocht haistelie ane new consul in þe place of brutus. Ibid. 142 He sett ane counsell to surrogate ane colleig in þe place of brutus. Ibid. iii. vii. I. 270 The consull denyit to do ony thing concernyng þe said law, quhil he had surrogate ane colleig in þe place of Valerius þat was deceissit. 1611Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. xxiv. §10 The Oath of Supremacie..was offered vnto them, the refusers whereof were..depriued, and others surrogated that were more loyally affected. 1637Gillespie Engl. Pop. Cerem. ii. i. 7 Those conforming Ministers, who are surrogate in their stead. 1662H. More Philos. Writ. Pref. Gen. (1712) 25 This earthly Adam failing in his office, the Heavenly was surrogated in his room. 1679C. Nesse Antichrist 162 The Pope of Rome..did surrogate the kings of France. 1705Hickeringill Priest-cr. i. (1721) 62 Solomon is surrogated by God, in his stead, to the holy Work. 1853Ld. Campbell in Ellis & Blackburn Rep. I. 614 Chancellor..with power of surrogating a fit person for his substitute with the Bishop's approbation.
b. To substitute in respect of a right or claim: = subrogate v. 3.
1536Bellenden Cron. Scot. (1821) II. 451 William, Erle of Douglas,..clamit the croun, be richt of Edward Ballioll and the Cumin; saying he wes surrogat to baith thair richtis. 1652Z. Boyd in Zion's Flowers (1855) App. 24/2 Quhome I..surrogat substitute and imputte in my full richt tytill and place of the samyne. 1710in Nairne Peerage Evid. (1874) 153 We..surrogate & substitute the said master James Nairne..in our full right and place therof pro tanto.
2. To put instead of another; to substitute: = subrogate v. 2.
1586J. Ferne Blaz. Gentrie 302 Least that strange and base stocks should presume to be surrogated in the place..of the noble and free borne. 1596Bacon Max. Com. Law xix. (1630) 69 This act..was repealed, and a new law surrogate in place thereof. 1609Skene Reg. Maj., Stat. Robt. I, 34 And the tyme of the birth, three lichts or candels salbe in the house, because darknesse is meet and convenient to surrogat ane false birth, as gif it were the trew birth. a1638Mede Wks. (1672) 750 That the Jews should be rejected, and the Gentiles surrogated in their stead. 1654Vilvain Theorem. Theol. viii. 209 The Earth..shal be renewed or a new surrogated. 1664H. More Myst. Iniq. 322 How punctually they have surrogated the Blessed Virgin into the place of Venus. 1681Hickeringill Vind. Naked Truth ii. 14 How do they wrest the holy Scriptures to surrogate their preposterous Hierarchy. a1768Erskine Inst. Law Scot. iii. vi. §7 That subject which is surrogated in the place of the first. 1827Scott Napoleon lxxxiii, They had..a title to the price which had been surrogated in place of the property.
†3. intr. To act for another as a surrogate or substitute; fig. to minister to. Obs. rare.
1681Hickeringill Black Non-Conf. iii. Wks. 1716 II. 44 When decrepit old Age cannot surrogate to their Lust. 1681― Vind. Naked Truth ii. 1 Whose Pens were glad to Surrogate to their Pencels, and write—This is a Cock, and This a Bull.
Hence ˈsurrogated ppl. a., ˈsurrogating vbl. n.
a1679T. Goodwin Election iii. iii. Wks. 1683 II. 138 Deut. 9. 14. I will make of thee a Nation greater and mightier than they: And to be in their room a Surrogated People to him, as they by Election had been. 1679C. Nesse Antichrist 163 In usurping his authority of surrogating and deputing of Caesars. |
