| 释义 |
▪ I. guild, gild|gɪld|
Forms: α. 1 ᵹyld, ᵹild, ᵹeᵹyld, 3–4 ȝild, 4–6 yelde, 5 ȝeld, 5–6 yeld, 6 yeald, 7 yeelde, 8 dial. yild-. β. 4–6 gyld(e, 4–7 gilde, 5 gyylde, geld-, 6 gelde, gyeld, guilde, guylde, 5– gild, 7– guild.
[c gray][Several distinct formations from the same Teut. root have here coalesced. (1) The forms within initial ȝ, y prob. represent mainly OE. ᵹild, ᵹyld, (ᵹield) str. neut., recorded only twice in this sense, but frequent in the senses ‘payment, compensation, offering, sacrifice, worship, idol’; corresp. to OFris. geld, ield money, OS. geld payment, sacrifice, reward, OHG. gelt payment, offering, tribute, money (Du., G. geld, money), ON. giald payment, Goth. gild tribute:—OTeut. *geldom. (2) OE. had also ᵹeᵹyld str. neut., where the prefix ᵹe- (see y- prefix) expresses the notion of combined or collective action. This has not been found later than OE., but as the prefix ᵹe- regularly disappeared in substantives (cf. reeve) its representative in the 14th c. would coincide with that of the simple ᵹyld. (3) The pronunciation with (g[/c]) must be due to adoption of, or influence from, the ON. gildi str. neut. guild, guild-feast, banquet, also payment, value (Sw. gille, Da. gilde guild):—OTeut. *gildjom.
In continental Teut. the sense of ‘guild’ was expressed by a fourth formation from the same root, repr. OTeut. type *gildjôn- wk. fem., and occurring as MLG., MDu. gilde fem. and neut. (Du. gild), whence mod.G. gilde; in Carolingian Latin the word appears as geldonia, gildonia, explained by confraternitas; the later med.Lat. form is gilda; OF. had gilde, ghelde, gheude, jode, etc., in the senses ‘guild, band of foot-soldiers.’
The root *geld- in these derivatives is prob. to be taken in the sense ‘to pay, contribute’, so that the n. would primarily mean an association of persons contributing money for some common object. As, however, the root also means ‘to sacrifice, worship’, some have supposed that guilds were so called as being combinations for religious purposes, heathen or Christian.
The sense ‘member of a guild, guild-brother’, was expressed by OE. ᵹylda and ᵹeᵹylda, MLG. gilde wk. masc.; the Teut. word appears in med.L. as gildō (also congildō, congilda), and in OF. gelde, geldon (with many variants), one of a company (gelde) of foot-soldiers.]
1. A confraternity, brotherhood, or association formed for the mutual aid and protection of its members, or for the prosecution of some common purpose.
a. Primarily applied to associations of mediæval origin.
The guilds mentioned in OE. pre-Conquest documents fulfilled much the same functions as modern burial and benefit societies, but their objects included the providing of masses for the souls of deceased members, and the payment of wergild in cases of justifiable homicide. They had always originally a strong religious element in their constitution. Their meetings were app. usually convivial (cf. ON. gildi banquet, guild-ale, and quot. a 1109 below). In later times the guilds of this ‘social-religious’ type underwent development in various directions; some becoming purely religious confraternities, while others acquired secular rights and privileges, eventually developing into municipal corporations.
The guild of merchants, merchant guild (or guild merchant, late OE. céapmanna ᵹild), an incorporated society of the merchants of a town or city, having exclusive rights of trading within the town, is an institution which in England has not been found before the Conquest; on the Continent the name and thing were older. In many English towns, and in the royal burghs of Scotland, the merchant guild became the governing body of the town; in Scotland the name of ‘guild’ is still preserved (cf. dean of guild s.v. dean).
The trade guilds, which in England come into prominence in the 14th c., were associations of persons exercising the same craft, formed for the purpose of protecting and promoting their common interests. In some towns the representatives of these bodies superseded the older organizations as the municipal authority. The trade guilds are historically represented in London by the Livery Companies, but these are not ordinarily known as guilds, and retain little of their original functions. The trade guilds of mediæval Europe closely resemble the ancient Roman collegia, with which they may perh. have been historically connected.
a1000Abbottsbury Charter in Kemble Cod. Dipl. IV. 279 Forðan ðe we for his lufon þis ᵹeᵹyld ᵹegaderodon. a1109in Gross Gild Merch. (1890) II. 37 Ðis beoð þa ᵹehworfe betwux ðan hirede æt Xrescircean and þan cnihtan on Cantwareberig of ceapmanne ᵹilde. Se heap on ceapmanne ᵹilde let [etc.]. a1109Anselm Epist. ii. vi, De domno Henrico, qui camerarius fuit, audio quia in multis inordinate se agit, et maxime in bibendo; ita ut in Gildis cum ebriosis bibat, et cum eis inebrietur. a1189Charter of Hen. II to Lincoln in Rymer Fœdera (1816) I. 40 Sciatis me concessisse civibus meis Lincolniae omnes libertates, & consuetudines, & leges suas, quas habuerunt tempore Edwardi & Willelmi, & Henrici, Regum Angliæ, & gildam suam mercatoriam de hominibus civitatis & de aliis mercatoribus comitatus, sicut illam habuerunt tempore prædictorum antecessorum nostrorum, Regum Angliæ melius & liberius. 1190Charter of Rich. I to Winchester ibid. 50 Sciatis nos concessisse civibus nostris Wintoniae de gilda mercatorum, quod nullus eorum placitet extra muros civitatis Wintoniae de ullo placito preter placita de tenuris exterioribus, exceptis monetariis & ministris nostris. c1205Lay. 32001 Ȝilden he gon rere. c1330R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 14746 Þey hadde wel leuere..Þat þe lond were in partis leyd Þan þe Anglys of þe out ildes Schulde be chef of alle þer gyldes. 1389in Eng. Gilds (1870) 19 Alle ye bretheren & sisteren of yis gilde shul comen togeder to ye paroche chirche. Ibid. 37 Þe ordenaunces of þe gilde of Carpenteris. c1430Lydg. Min. Poems (1840) 207 Let mellerys and bakerys gadre hem a gilde. 1442Extracts Aberd. Reg. (1844) I. 397 It was statut and ordanit be the brethir of gilde, that [etc.]. 1467in Eng. Gilds (1870) 377 Also it ys ordeyned by this present yeld, that [etc.]. 1544Supplic. Hen. VIII (1871) 42 Prestes of gyldes and of fraternytees. 1600Holland Livy v. lii. (1609) 213 Thereto we have ordeined and founded a new Guild or Fraternitie. 1726Madox Firma Burgi 24 The Religious Gilds were founded chiefly for Devotion and Almsdeeds; the Secular chiefly for Trade and Almsdeeds. Ibid. 26 Anciently, a Gild either Religious or Secular could not legally be set-up without the Kings Licence. 1838Prescott Ferd. & Is. Introd. (1846) I. 25 The several crafts, whose members were incorporated into guilds. 1873L. O. Pike Hist. Crime I. 178 There were at least as early as the twelfth century guilds of weavers in London, Oxford, York [etc.]. 1874Green Short Hist. i §i. 5 Industry was checked by a system of trade guilds which confined each occupation to an hereditary caste.
b. Used in the names of various modern associations, with more or less notion of imitating the mediæval guilds in their object, spirit, or constitution.
1827Hone Every-day Bk. II. 670 In 1817 colonel..Mason..established a guild or festival for rural sports. 1876(title) Guild of the Holy Cross, Holywell. Constitution, Rules & Office. 1877Ruskin Fors Clav. VII. 231, I have written to our solicitors that they may register us under the title of St. George's Guild. 1890(title) Transactions of the Guild & School of Handicraft. 1895Whitaker's Almanack 283/1 Church Choir Guild. Ibid. 286/1 Guild of Organists. Ibid. 289/2 Teachers' Guild of Great Britain and Ireland. 1900Offic. Year-bk. Ch. Eng. 116 The Church and Stage Guild..is a Society for getting rid of the prejudices of religious people against the stage.
c. transf. A company or fellowship of any kind.
1630B. Jonson Chloridia A 4 Cupid hath ta'ne offence of late At all the Gods, that he was so deserted, Not to be call'd into their Guild But slightly pass'd by, as a child. 1728Pope Dunc. ii. 250 When the long-ear'd milky mothers..For their defrauded, absent foals..make A moan so loud, that all the guild awake. 1817Coleridge Biog. Lit. 68 Their names had never been enrolled in the guilds of the learned. 1871B. Taylor Faust (1875) II. ii. iii. 122, I like her best of all the guild of Sibyls.
†2. The place of meeting of a guild. Also, the building in which a religious guild or fraternity lived.
a1000Abbotsbury Charter in Kemble Cod. Dipl. IV. 278 Se ᵹylda þe oðerne misgret innan ᵹylde..ᵹebete he [etc.]. 1546Suppl. Poor Commons (1871) 75 Building of abayse, churches, chauntries, gyldes. 1590Spenser F.Q. ii. vii. 43 The rowme was large and wyde, As it some gyeld or solemne temple weare. 1602Warner Alb. Eng. xii. lxxiii. (1612) 301 The Capitol, where wont their Guild to bee. 1609Skene Reg. Mag., Stat. Gild 142 Gif any of our brether does wrang or injurie be word to ane other brother..in comming to the Gild. 1644Evelyn Mem. (1857) I. 109 Halls and guilds (as we call them) of sundry companies.
¶3. Used to render OE. ᵹielda guild-brother.
1605Verstegan Dec. Intell. viii. (1628) 258 For shortnes of speech a Gild brother was also called a Gild.
4. attrib. and Comb., as guild-bell, guild-court, guild-day, guild-due, guild-house, guild-land, guild-man, guild-master, guild-order, guild-priest, guild-rent, guild-silver, guild-steward; guild-mercatory [ad. med.L. gilda mercatoria], guild merchant [merchant a.] (see 1 a); guild-rent, rent payable to the Crown by a guild; guild-socialism, an economic system by which the profits, resources, and methods of each industry are to be controlled by a council of its members, on the model of mediæval guilds; so guild socialist; guild-wine, ? wine drunk at festivals of the guild; guild-wite, a fine levied by a guild. Also guild-ale, guild-brother, guild-hall.
1555Ludlow Churchw. Acc. (Camden) 61 The claper of the *yeld belle. 1870L. Brentano Gilds 97 The citizens..mustered at the call of the Gild-bell.
1449Extracts Aberd. Reg. (1844) I. 402 At he inquir and accuse sic forstalling ilke xv daiis in the *gilde courte. 1525Ibid. 112 The haill toun..on the gild curt day, all in ane voce..obleist thame [etc.]. 1583in W. Maitland Hist. Edin. (1753) 233 The Dene of Gild may assemble his Brether and Counsell in their Gild Courts.
1827in E. H. Barker Parriana (1828) I. 245 The *Guild-day..is a high day at Norwich.
1849Rock Ch. of Fathers II. 403 Regularly paying his *gild-dues for the space of seven years.
1870Eng. Gilds Introd. 33 They met in good fellowship at the *Gild-house.
1752Carte Hist. Eng. III. 215 Their *guild-lands should be restored to them.
1896Westm. Gaz. 31 Oct. 1/2 The preacher..held up Nehemiah to the *guildmen as an admirable specimen of a Church reformer.
1782Pennant Journ. Chester to Lond. 114 It [Lichfield] was originally governed by a guild and *guild-master.
1656D. King Vale Royal, Chester ii. 157 Before the said City had any Charter they..enjoyed a *Guild Mercatory. 1862Dobson & Harland Hist. Preston Guild 72 The original grant of a Guild mercatory, with Hanse, &c., seems to have been made by Henry II.
1467in Eng. Gilds (1870) 376 Ordinaunces..made..by hole assent of the citesens inhabitantes in the Cyte of Worcester, at their *yeld marchaunt. 1682Lond. Gaz. No. 1743/4 The Guild-Merchant for the Borough of Preston. 1706Phillips (ed. Kersey), Gild-Merchant, a Privilege whereby Merchants may hold Pleas of Land among themselves. 1844Stephen Blackstone III. 190 These persons were also authorized to have a guild merchant. 1873L. O. Pike Hist. Crime I. 64 The guild merchant..is difficult to distinguish from the town-corporation.
1890Gross Gild Merch. II. 201 The companies then have their *guild-orders sealed.
1849Rock Ch. Fathers II. 340 This done, the *gild-priest arose.
1670Act 22 Chas. II, c. 6 §1 Fee-Farme Rents,..Chauntry Rents, Rents reserved, *Guild Rents, Pensions [etc.].
1890Gross Gild Merch. I. 195 The ‘customa mercatorum’, called ‘*gild-silver’, at Henley.
1912New Age 10 Oct. 560/2 Unless we can prove the practicality of *Guild Socialism, and so attract the practical man, we admit that we are preparing for a moral catastrophe. 1913C. Booth Industr. Unrest 16 The Guild Socialists in England occupy middle ground between Syndicalist and Socialist. Ibid. 21 Syndicalism, Guild Socialism, and State Socialism hold no terms with each other. 1915D. H. Lawrence Let. 27 Dec. (1932) 300 That is why we are bound to get something like Guild-Socialism in the long run. 1919G. D. H. Cole Guild Socialism (1920) 4 The desire of the Guild Socialist is..to convert the Socialist Movement as well as the Trade Union Movement to its point of view. Ibid. 5, I do not pretend..that Guild Socialism is the right way for all the peoples of the world to tackle their economic problems. 1930Times Lit. Suppl. 26 June 521/3 Back to nature is his [sc. the reformer's] cry, back to the land,..back to the Middle Ages and guild-socialism. 1952V. A. Demant Religion & Decl. Capitalism ii. 54 The condemnation of proletarianism was taken up later by the Guild Socialists who numbered many churchmen and who unsuccessfully sought to divert British labour from state collectivism to the recovery of authentic artisan status through industrial corporations.
1696Lond. Gaz. No. 3175/3 The *Guild-Stewards, Burgesses, and other the Inhabitants of the Borough of Calne.
1597Extracts Aberd. Reg. (1848) II. 155 Of ilk ane, four pundis for his *gild wyne.
1870Eng. Gilds 185 If it is found by his bretheren that he had no guest, but stayed at home through idleness, he shall be in the ‘*Gildwyt’ of half a bushel of barley. 1890Gross Gild Merch. I. 195 The ‘gildwite’, extorted by the gild of Lincoln from merchants passing near that city.
Add:[1.] d. Ecol. A group of species which have similar roles in the same community.
1903W. R. Fisher tr. Schimper's Plant-Geogr. ii. ii. 192 Plants of quite different modes of life..depend on other plants for their existence. Each of these groups of plants has..characteristic traits..which always remain unchanged in their leading features. Such oecological groups are termed guilds [tr. G. Genossenschaften]. 1967Ecol. Monogr. XXXVII. 335/2 A guild is defined as a group of species that exploit the same class of environmental resources in a similar way. 1972Acta Amazonica II. i. 59/1 Other species of birds form part of the avian ant-following groups or ‘guilds’..only now and then, and constitute the ‘nonprofessional’ or ‘amateur’ ant-followers. 1988Nature 28 Apr. 794/2 Comparison of changing guild structures provides an illuminating means of comparing reef communities through time.
▪ II. guild
obs. f. gild v.1 and v.2, and of gold2. |
