| 释义 |
through-
in combination. (See thorough-.)
1. a. Combinations of through prep. or adv. with verbs (pples., vbl. ns.), or adjs. Chiefly Obs.
In OE. through qualifying a verb stood before it regularly in the infinitive and participles, and usually in the finite vb. in subordinate clauses. In such cases there was a tendency for it to be written in comb., as in mod. German durchgehen, durchgehend, durchwachsen. In some words this tendency became stronger in ME., and the combined form was used also in the finite verb. For these see the Main words below. The following illustrate the process, without any attempt to be exhaustive:
† through-ˈcarve (-kerf) v., trans. to cut through; hence through-carved ppl. a., see quot.; † through-ˈcast v. [cast v. 57], trans. to plaster throughout; through-comˈposed pa. pple. and ppl. a. = durch-komponiert a.; † through-ˈcut v., trans. to cut through, perforate by cutting; † through-ˈdrive v., trans. to drive a nail or spike through, to transfix; † through-ˈficche (thurghe-fyche) v. [ficche v.], trans. to pierce through, transfix; † ˈthrough-ˌformed ppl. a., thoroughly formed, full-grown; † through-ˈgalled pa. pple. [gall v.1 5], thoroughly harassed or disabled; † through-handling, management of details; carrying through; transaction; † through-lanced pa. pple., pierced as with a lance, transfixed; † through-look v., trans. to look through, examine thoroughly; † through-nailed pa. pple., transfixed with nails; † through-nim v., trans. to ‘run through’, transfix; fig. to penetrate; † through-pierce (thorough-pierce) v., trans. to pierce through, transfix; hence through-, thorough-piercing ppl. adj.; † through-ride (thorough-ride) v., (a) trans. to ride through, make a raid through (cf. ride v. 2); (b) intr. to penetrate through (cf. ride v. 9); † through-rive v. (pa. tense þurh-raf) [rive v.], trans. to rive or tear through; † through-run (thurh-ˈærn) v., trans. to overrun; † through-shed (þurȝsched) v. (L. perfundere), trans. to suffuse; † through-ˈshoot (pa. tense þurh-, þorȝschote) v., trans. to shoot through, pierce through; † through-shove v. (pa. pple. þurgh-shove), trans. to thrust through, transfix; † through-ˈswim v., trans. to swim through; † through-ˈthrilled pa. pple., pierced through; fig. thrilled through; † through-ˈwaxen pa. pple. [waxen, pa. pple. of wax v.], grown over; † through-ˈwon v. [OE. þurh-wunian: see won v.], intr. to abide, continue, or remain through; † through-ˈwound v., trans. to wound through or deeply. See also through-bearing, through-go, etc. b. with adjectives: † through-old a, extremely old; antiquated; † ˈthrough-wet a., wetted or wet through, saturated with moisture.
c1330Arth. & Merl. (Kölbing) 8141 Stel & yren his ax *þurchcarf Wher þurch mani starf. 1875Parker Gloss. Archit., Through Carved-work,..in which the spaces between the ornamental parts are pierced entirely through.
1611in Willis & Clark Cambridge (1886) II. 112 The whole passage to be *throughecast with lime and haire.
1884F. Niecks Conc. Dict. Mus. Terms 122 A durch-componiertes Lied, ‘a *through-composed song’, is a song of which each verse has a setting of its own. 1947A. Einstein Music in Romantic Era x. 117 In this prologue there is no longer any spoken dialogue; the scene is ‘through-composed’. 1962Listener 11 Jan. 105/2 The opera opens with a Prologue of the spirits..which is the only ‘through-composed’ portion. 1981Times Lit. Suppl. 20 Feb. 203/2 The first ‘Razumovsky’ [Quartet]..abandoned the normal first-movement repeat, had the rarity of a through-composed scherzo (without trio or ‘da capo’), and only repeated the exposition of the finale.
c1330Arth. & Merl. 9286 Ich of hem on [o]þer hitt, Oþer heued ofsmot or bodi *þurch kitt. 1594Plat Jewell-ho. iii. 34 How to graue any..deuise vpon an egge shel, & how to through-cut the same.
a1023Wulfstan Hom. iii. (Napier) 22 Him æᵹðer *þurhdraf mid isenum næᵹlum ᵹe fet ᵹe handa. a1225Leg. Kath. 1204 Þurhdriuen upon þe rode. Ibid. 1943, & let þurhdriuen..Þe spaken & te felien Mid irnene gadien.
c1340Hampole Prose Tr. 2 It has *thurghefychede my herte.
1664H. More Myst. Iniq. Apol. 542 Who are so *through-formed Christians as cordially to believe all the Essential Parts of our Religion.
1594Kyd Cornelia v. 308 Scipio that saw his ships *through-galled, And by the foe fulfild with fire and blood.
a1586Sidney Arcadia (1622) 177 (Skimming any thing that came before him) [He] was disciplined to leaue the *through-handling of all to his gentle wife.
1594Spenser Amoretti lvii, Seeing my hart *through-launced every where With thousand arrowes, which your eies have shot.
c1200Ormin Ded. 68, & te bitæche icc off þiss boc,..All to þurrhsekenn illc an ferrs, & to *þurrhlokenn offte.
1446Lydg. Two Nightingale P. ii. 240 *Thurgh-nayled weren his holy handis tweyne.
c1205Lay. 14711 Catiger þer com & mid his spere hine *þurh-nom. 1390Gower Conf. II. 249 Into wepinge Sche fell, as sche that was thurgh nome With love.
1639Fuller Holy War ii. xliv. (1647) 103 Then must he be a *through-old man. Ibid. v. xxix. 281 What credit there is to be given to that through-old if not doting prophecie.
c1330Arth. & Merl. 7936, & wiþ gode hert & main fin Þai *þurchperced þo Sarrazin. 1413Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton) i. xiv. (1859) 11 Grete drede and heuynesse had thorughpercyd my herte. 1590Spenser F.Q. ii. i. 38 Her tender hart was rent in twaine, Or thrild with point of thorough-piercing paine. 1609Heywood Brit. Troy xiv. xxv, Quite through-piercst the Greeke dropt down a corse.
c1205Lay. 18082 He..smat hine i þere side Þat þat spere *þurh-rade [c 1275 þorh-rod]. c1330R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 14516 Þat alle landes he wolde þorow ryde..Cristen men to struye & quelle. c1400Destr. Troy 5008 Thy..Rewme þurgh Riden, robbed þi goodis.
c1205Lay. 23943 [He] smat i þere breoste þat þat spere *þurh raf [c 1275 þorh rof].
Ibid. 12129 Þat lond heo *þurh arnden & herȝeden. Ibid. 16657 Þat lond heo gunne þurh-ærnen & þa tunes fur-bernen.
1382Wyclif Esther xv. 8 She forsothe *thurȝshed [Vulg. perfusa] the chere with rose colour.
971Blickl. Hom. 109 Þonne he his byrnsweord ᵹetyhþ & þas world ealle þurhslyhþ, & þa lichoman *þurh sceoteð. c1330R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 4373 Þer schaftes þorgh schoten body & schelde.
c1330Arth. & Merl. 7959 Þer was mani wombe *þurchschoue & mani heued cleued aboue. c142026 Pol. Poems xvii. 189 His herte was wiþ a spere þurgh-shoue.
1615Chapman Odyss. vii. 384, I yet *through-swomme the waues, that your shore binds. a1631Donne Progr. Soule xxvii, The net through⁓swome, she kept the liquid Path.
1605Sylvester Du Bartas ii. iii. i. Vocation 375 With our Swords and Lances..*Through-thrilléd (Villains) this shall be your last. 1608Ibid. iv. iv. Decay 322 My heart's through-thrilled with your miseries.
c1205Lay. 18338 Wes þe munt *þurh-wexen [c 1275 þorh-woxe] Mid ane wude feiren.
1583T. Watson Centurie of Loue xci, Then, hang your *throughwett garmentes on the wall.
c1000Ags. Gosp. Matt. xxiv. 13 Witodlice seþe *þurhwunað oð ende, se byþ hal. a1175Cott. Hom. 227 Þaða hire time com hi acennede and þurh⁓wunede meden. c1205Lay. 1384 An lond he ferde sechinde Þer he mihte þurh-wunian Mid his wnfolke. a1225Leg. Kath. 662 Þe wið godd hehfeder, & wið þen hali gast, Þurhwunest in alre worlde world.
c1200Ormin 17443 Þa neddress..Þeȝȝ tacnenn alle sinness, Þatt stingenn & *þurrh⁓wundenn all Þatt bodiȝ, & tatt sawle.
2. Combinations with ns.: (some could equally well be placed s.v. through a.):
ˈthrough-ˌarch Archit. (also attrib.), see quot.; ˈthrough-ball Assoc. Football, etc., a forward pass which goes through the other team's defensive formation; ˈthrough-ˌblow, a blowing or current of air passing through; ˈthrough-ˌbolt (thorough-bolt), a bolt passing through the objects fastened by it, and secured at each end; † ˈthrough-ˌcold, a penetrating or deep-seated cold or chill; through deck, a flight deck which runs the full length of a ship; ˈthrough-deck ˈcruiser, a type of lightly-armed aircraft-carrier (see quots.); ˈthrough-draught: see thorough-draught s.v. thorough- 2; ˈthrough-fang [fang n. 6 a] = through-tang; † ˈthrough-ˌfast [fast n.1 1], a fast all through a period, e.g. the fast of Lent; ˈthrough-feed, in centreless grinding, movement of the work-piece right through the space between the two wheels (cf. in-feed); also attrib.; ˈthroughflow, the flowing of a fluid, air, etc., through something; also attrib.; ˈthrough-ˌjoint, a joint passing through the thickness of something; ˈthrough-key [key n.1 9], a key or pin fitting into a hole which passes right through the parts to be fastened by it; † ˈthrough-lock (?): see quot.; through-lounge (stress variable): in a private house, a lounge that extends from the front to the back of the house; ˈthrough-ˌmortise, a mortise cut right through the timber; ˈthrough-pass = through-ball above; † ˈthrough-ˌpath, a path or way through something; ˈthrough-rod, a rod passing or extending through or from end to end of some structure or piece of mechanism; † through-serewe, † -spavin, † -splint, names of diseases of the leg of the horse; see quots. and serewe, spavin, splint; also cf. thorough-pin; ˈthrough-tang, a method of hafting knives, forks, etc. by inserting the tang in a hole drilled right through the handle and riveting it at the end; ˈthrough-valley (see quot. 1972); ˈthrough-work, work extending through the thickness, or occupying the whole breadth of, some structure. See also through-stone2.
a1878Sir G. G. Scott Lect. Archit. I. vii. 283 The two systems may be distinguished as rere-arch windows and *through-arch windows—i.e., those in which the inner is distinct from the outer arch, and those in which the same arch runs through the wall, showing itself more or less similarly on its outer and inner faces. In thick walls and rich work there is often another order of through-arch within the tracery order, or rather the outer order re-appears within.
1969Punch 12 Feb. 248/4, I wish I could recall the lingo—the *through-balls, high crosses, work-rates and searching diagonals. 1977Times 28 Feb. 8/5 Another through ball and Souness was racing away to make a cross which Armstrong converted.
1908Times 29 Dec. 4/5 No airing or ‘*through⁓blow’ is possible in a..flat where the openings are all on one side.
1837Civil Eng. & Arch. Jrnl. I. 33/1 The outer and inner rows of piling..are to be securely tied together, with two-inch wrought-iron *thorough bolts. 1864Daily Tel. 19 Aug., The use of large-area solid plates [in ship-building], in combination with through bolts. 1874Knight Dict. Mech. s.v. Bolt, A through-bolt is one which goes through the pieces which are to be fastened together. Such are clinch-bolts, and bolts secured by nut and washer.
1601Holland Pliny (1634) II. 289 In drink, it dissolueth ventosities, riddeth away *through-colds, and namely the shiuerings..in cold agues.
1969Times 30 Oct. 2/7 Such an aircraft..would be operated from a cruiser-type ship with a newly designed ‘*through-deck’.
1971Guardian 22 Nov. 12/4 The Royal Navy is now considering the operation of Harriers from a new class of flat topped 19,000-ton ships euphemistically known as ‘*Through-deck cruisers’. 1980A. Preston Warships of World 29/2 The troubled political background accounts for the ludicrous nomenclature applied to the class. First of all Invincible was a ‘through-deck’ cruiser to disguise the flight deck, then a command cruiser, and only now..an aircraft carrier. Ibid. 221/2 Through-deck cruiser, cumbersome term concocted by the Royal Navy to obtain political and Treasury approval for a ship designed to operate helicopters and V/Stol aircraft. The ‘through-deck’ was a euphemism for a full-length flight deck.
1905*Through-draught [see thorough-draught s.v. thorough- 2]. 1976B. Lecomber Dead Weight vi. 73, I..opened the pilots' side-windows in the pious hope of creating a through-draught of fresh air.
1851–4Tomlinson Cycl. Arts (1866) I. 487/2 A very good method is what is called *through-fang, that is, to drill a hole completely through the handle, and to insert a..prong projecting from the blade, riveting it at the opposite end.
1652Fuller Comm. Christ's Tempt. ii. in Sel. Rem. (1891) II. 26 ‘He had fasted forty days and forty nights.’ The words contain the *through-fast of Christ.
1937Colvin & Stanley Grinding Pract. v. 73 There are two primary methods of grinding the work. One is the *through-feed method in which the work passes axially from one side of the machine to the other. 1963Jones & Schubert Engin. Encycl. 215 There are three general methods of centerless grinding which may be described as through-feed, in-feed, and end-feed methods.
1967M. E. Hale Biol. Lichens vii. 96 Stemflow on trees..has been shown to be enriched, relative to *throughflow, with potassium and calcium. 1974Country Life 17 Jan. 103/1, 2 litre family saloon..throughflow heating and ventilation.
1862Catal. Internat. Exhib. II. x. 53 The *through-joints admit wet into the interior.
1548Acc. Ld. High Treas. Scot. IX. 167 Thre gret *throuch lokes to the palice of Halyrudhous.
1962Jackson & Marsden Educ. & Working Class v. 157 The interview took place in the *through-lounge. 1976Evening Post (Nottingham) 15 Dec. 15/5 (Advt.), Modern well situated detached house consisting of through lounge, fully fitted kitchen, [etc.].
1937F. N. S. Creek Association Football iii. 58 Short passing should always consist of ‘*through’ passes so that the ball is sent behind an opponent and never.. across his front. 1967J. Potter Foul Play (1968) ii. 29 If you're playing on the left wing I'll feed you with through-passes to the corner flag. 1976Denbighshire Free Press 8 Dec. 24/7 Ian McCarter..got to a splendid through pass from Wildermuth.
1632–5Corbet Sp. in aid St. Paul's in Longman Three Cathedrals (1873) 60 Are we not beholding to it..for a prayer or a *throwpath?
1523Fitzherb. Husb. §96 Some horses haue a *throughe serewe on bothe sydes of the legge.
Ibid. §106 Some horses haue *throughe spauen, and appereth bothe within and without. 1565Blundevil Horsemanship iv. cxxvii. (1580) 58 Of the wet Spauen, or through Spauen. This is a soft swelling growing on both sides of the hough, and seemes to go cleane through the hough, and therefore may be called a through Spauen.
1607Topsell Four-f. Beasts 401 A Splent is a sorance of the least moment, vnlesse it bee on the knee, or else a *through Splent, both which cannot bee cured. 1687Miége Gt. Fr. Dict. i, Sur-os chevillé, serew or through-splent.
1833J. Holland Manuf. Metal II. 14 Hafting table knives by the insertion of that portion of the blade which has been properly drawn out, quite through the handle..is called *through-tang.
1905Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. XVI. 233 In discussing this paper at the Geological Society meeting in Philadelphia, Professor Davis applied the very descriptive name of ‘*through valleys’ to this condition of valleys connected across lowered divides. 1969G. C. Dickinson Maps & Air Photographs xiii. 208 A valley from one system may meet one from another system ‘back-to-back’ so that together they form a through valley with scarcely any feature separating the headwaters of the two systems. 1972Gloss. Geol. (Amer. Geol. Inst.) 739/1 Through valley, a flat-floored depression or channel eroded across a divide by glacier ice or meltwater streams.
1686Plot Staffordsh. 384 He also cuts wreath'd pillars with the same Engine (that are not *through-work).
▸ throughcare n. orig. and chiefly Brit. (a system which emphasizes) continuity of care or supervision throughout (and sometimes beyond) the time spent by an inmate in a prison or (outside the U.K.) other institution.
1973J. A. Pendleton in Internat. Jrnl. Offender Therapy & Compar. Criminol. 17 15 It had been said..that after-care should start at the moment when the offender is sentenced, or even earlier. At long last this notion has been put into practice. Many departments have already adopted a system of ‘*through-care’. 1994Daily Tel. 12 Oct. 37/7 In America ‘through-care’ is the buzz word. It means that the retirement home buyer can go through all the stages from ‘sprightly’ to ‘marvellous for his age’ and ‘getting a bit tottery’—and finally needing 24-hour nursing care—without having to move again. 2002Sunday Herald (Glasgow) (Electronic ed.) 7 July A throughcare system which not only encourages prisoners to address their offending but also looks to their release with arrangements for housing tenancy and job interviews.
▸ throughfall n. Ecol. (the amount of) precipitation that reaches the ground through a canopy of vegetation, either directly or by dripping from leaves, branches, etc.; often contrasted with stemflow n. at stem n.1 Compounds 2.
1949E. L. Hamilton & P. B. Rowe Rainfall Interception by Chaparral in California 6 *Throughfall is that portion of the rainfall which reaches the ground directly through the vegetative canopy, through intershrub spaces in the canopy, and as drip from the leaves, twigs, and stems. 1949E. L. Hamilton & P. B. Rowe Rainfall Interception by Chaparral in California 17 For the two years of high precipitation, throughfall was 80 percent, stemflow 15 percent, and interception loss 5 percent of the annual rainfall. 1985Austral. Jrnl. Forest Res. 15 309 Loss of organic matter after 2 years was strongly correlated with the amount of water reaching the forest floor as throughfall. 1998Jrnl. Ecol. 86 602 Increased gap soil moisture levels are probably due to both higher throughfall and lower evapotranspiration loads. |
