| 释义 |
▪ I. paraphrase, n.|ˈpærəfreɪz|
Also 6 perra-, parafrase.
[a. F. paraphrase (1525 in Hatz.-Darm.), ad. L. paraphrasis, a. Gr. παράϕρασις, f. παραϕράζειν to tell the same thing in other words, f. παρα- beside + ϕράζειν to declare, tell: cf. ϕράσις mode of speaking, speech, phrase.]
1. a. An expression in other words, usually fuller and clearer, of the sense of any passage or text; a free rendering or amplification of a passage. (Sometimes, by extension, of a musical passage.)
Chaldee Paraphrases: the Targum.
[1547Mem. Ripon (Surtees) III. 41 Una cum empcione diversorum librorum vocatorum paraphracez Erasmi.] 1548Udall Erasm. Par. Pref. B vj b, Thou hast here good Christian reader the paraphrase of Erasmus vpon the ghospell. Ibid. B vij, A paraphrase, is a plain settyng foorth of a texte or sentence more at large. 1548Hooper Declar. Commandm. vi. G iij b, A great nombre, that say not platlye and playnly there is no God, but by certayne circumloquutions and paraphresis. 1646Sir T. Browne Pseud Ep. 2 So is it expressed in the Thargum or Paraphrase of Jonathan. 1684N. S. Crit. Enq. Edit. Bible xxvii. 240 The Hebrew Text, the Chaldee paraphrase by Onkelosius, the Targum, or Arabic Paraphrase by R. Saadius. 1693Dryden Juvenal Ded. (1697) 87 Not a literal Translation, but a kind of Paraphrase. 1791–1823D'Israeli Cur. Lit., Imprisonm. Learned, Buchanan, in the dungeon of a monastery in Portugal, composed his excellent Paraphrases of the Psalms of David. 1874Stubbs Const. Hist. I. ii. 31 This description is a mere abstract and paraphrase of the language of the Germania. 1880Grove Dict. Mus. II. 741/2 His [sc. Liszt's] transcriptions, paraphrases, and arrangements, comprise not only vocal and orchestral works of German, French, Italian, and Russian composers, but also the national melodies of Europe, Asia, etc. 1900L. Godowsky Let. 24 Dec. in H. C. Schonberg Great Pianists (1964) xxiv. 320, I came out to play my seven Chopin paraphrases and Weber's ‘Invitation’. 1944W. Apel Harvard Dict. Mus. 554/1 Liszt's paraphrases on Wagnerian operas. 1963H. C. Schonberg Great Pianists (1964) xxiv. 322 Big technicians will occasionally attempt his paraphrase on Fledermaus. 1976Gramophone Apr. 1598/2 Liszt's Eugene Onegin paraphrase is not one of his most elaborate, nor his finest, but it has the authentic glitter, and a most enjoyable flair.
b. Without a and pl., as a process or mode of literary treatment.
1656Cowley Pindar. Odes i. Notes 8 [It] could not be rendred without much Paraphrase. 1680Dryden Pref. Transl. Ovid's Epist. Ess. 1900 I. 237 Paraphrase, or translation with latitude, where the author is kept in view.., but his words are not so strictly followed as his sense; and that too is admitted to be amplified. 1795Mason Ch. Mus. iii. 177 To proceed in the way of Paraphrase. 1873Rogers Orig. Bible vi. (1875) 227 Most books need comment, explanation, illustration, but if that be the object, paraphrase is the worst way of effecting it.
†c. A comment. Obs.
1642Chas. I in Rushw. Hist. Coll. iii. (1692) I. 616, I will make no Paraphrases upon what you have heard,..only this Observation. 1738tr. Guazzo's Art Conversation 153 [Who] make a thousand wrong Paraphrases, and foolish Interpretations of their Actions.
d. fig. A practical exemplification of or commentary upon some principle, maxim, etc.
1662South Serm. I. 56 All the Laws of Nations, and wise Decrees of States..were but a Paraphrase upon this standing Rectitude of Nature. 1666― Serm. Tit. ii. 15 Ded., All your After-Greatness seems but a Paraphrase upon those promising Beginnings. a1670Hacket in Plume Life (1865) 136 A glittering prelate without inward ornaments was but the paraphrase of a painted wall.
e. transf. In art, the representation of a subject in a realistic or other manner so as to convey its essential qualities.
1951G. Sutherland in Listener 6 Sept. 378/1, I feel that now we can perhaps enlarge the field of painting by setting our emotional paraphrases of reality—they themselves have been conceived more optically—within the ambience of optical reality. 1962R. G. Haggar Dict. Art Terms 246/2 Paraphrase. The term is used by Graham Sutherland to explain the nature of his realist art, implying that he seeks to express the character and mood of the landscape or object which inspires him by other and general forms which do not constitute ‘views’. 1962Listener 26 July 134/1, I believe that in the case of a portrait, there are two ways of doing it. One..is the real paraphrase such as Picasso does. 1965New Statesman 14 May 775/1 His line overstates and under-praises, as in the paraphrase of a Cranach nude.
2. spec. In the Church of Scotland and other Presbyterian Churches: Each of the hymns contained in the ‘Translations and Paraphrases, in verse, of several passages of Sacred Scripture: collected and prepared by a Committee of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland [1745–81], in order to be sung in Churches’. These are usually appended to the Metrical Psalter in Scottish editions of the Bible or New Testament.
The first edition, entitled ‘Translations and Paraphrases of several passages of Sacred Scripture, collected and prepared by a Committee appointed by the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland’, was printed and issued for consideration in 1745. That finally adopted was published in 1781.
1745Minutes of Gen. Assembly 18 May, The General Assembly of the Church of Scotland had laid before them..some Pieces of Sacred Poesy, under the title of Translations and Paraphrases of several Passages of sacred Scripture, composed by private Persons. 1883Stevenson Silverado Sq. 51 You have to learn the paraphrases and the shorter catechism. 1889D. J. Maclagan (title) The Scottish Paraphrases..an account of their History, Authors, and Sources. Ibid. 56 With all their faults..it is yet to be hoped that the time is far distant when the Scottish clergy and the Scottish people are ashamed of their Psalms and Paraphrases. 1891Barrie Little Minister iii, ‘I hope’, he said nervously, ‘that you don't sing the Paraphrases?’ 1893Daily News 23 Dec. 5/2 One old Anti-Burgher used to stump out of church if a paraphrase came on last.
▪ II. paraphrase, v.|ˈpærəfreɪz|
[ad. F. paraphrase-r, f. paraphrase: see prec.]
1. trans. To express the meaning of (a word, phrase, passage, or work) in other words, usually with the object of fuller and clearer exposition; to render or translate with latitude. Also fig., spec. in art; cf. prec.
1630Prynne Anti-Armin. 168 Those words of Christs..he paraphraseth thus. 1648Boyle Seraph. Love v. (1700) 37 Which emboldened Mary to Paraphrase him [Lazarus] by a He whom thou lov'st. 1741Watts Improv. Mind i. ii. (1801) 21 A Tutor..when he paraphrases and explains other authors. 1841D'Israeli Amen. Lit. (1867) 113 An ecclesiastic paraphrased the Gospel-histories. 1879Huxley Hume ix. (1881) 173 Dr. Whately..paraphrases Hume, though he forgets to cite him.
fig.1606Warner Alb. Eng. xiv. lxxxix. (1612) 361 To paraphrase this Painter were to Age an idle thing. 1628Jackson Worthy Churchman 45 Virgil paraphraseth the same vertue, when he compares a meeke man to a standing pool. 1961D. Cooper Work of Graham Sutherland ii. 14 He [sc. Sutherland] found that when he paraphrased what he saw he had captured more of ‘the essence or the gesture of reality.’ 1962Listener 26 July 134/1, I might have wanted to paraphrase a landscape.
2. intr. To make a paraphrase; to comment or enlarge upon a passage so as to bring out the sense.
1633Prynne 1st Pt. Histrio-m. vi. iii. 339 In his Commentary on the 118. alias the 119. Psalme, verse 37..he paraphraseth thus. 1722Sewell Hist. Quakers (1795) I. iii. 185 Such of the family as could make repetitions of sermons, and paraphrase thereupon. 1864Pusey Lect. Daniel (1876) 200 He paraphrased, rather than translated.
†3. intr. To comment on, to enlarge upon a subject. Obs.
1644–5Chas. I Let. to Wife 14 Jan., Wks. (1662) 321, I cannot but paraphrase a little upon that which he calls his superstitious observation. 1683Moxon Mech Exerc., Printing xxii. ⁋8, I must a little digress, to paraphrase on the posture he holds the Bodkin in.
Hence ˈparaphrasing vbl. n.
1640H. Glapthorne Wallenstein i. iii. Wks. 1874 II. 27 May..thy dreames Be free from paraphrasing on my memory. 1728Morgan Hist. Algiers I. Pref. 20 His Paraphrasings and mine differ. |
