| 释义 |
‖ hetman|ˈhɛtmən|
Also 8 hettman, 9 attaman.
[Polish hetman captain, commander = Boh. hejtman, Little Russ. hetman (Russ. ataman). Believed to be derived from Ger. hauptmann captain, app. through early mod.G. heubtmann and Boh. heitman.]
A captain or military commander in Poland and countries formerly united or subject to it; whence subsequently retained as a title among the Cossacks.
Under the suzerainty of Poland, 1592–1654, ‘the hetman of the Cossacks’ was a semi-independent prince or viceroy. His title and authority were at first continued after the acceptance of Russian suzerainty by the Cossacks in 1654; but the power and privileges of the office were gradually curtailed and abolished. In the late 19th c. the title ‘Hetman (ataman) of all the Cossacks’ was an appanage of the Cesarevitch, who was represented by a ‘hetman by delegation’, for each of the territorial divisions. Subordinate Cossack chiefs had also the title (ataman).
1710Whitworth Acc. Russia (1758) 19 Every town is like a little common-wealth, and has its own Hetman, or Captain, chosen yearly. 1753Hanway Trav. (1762) I. vi. lxxxii. 374 His brother..is now Hetman of the Cossacks in the Ukraine..This is a kind of vice-royalty, and is..the most lucrative of any employment in the empire. 1799W. Tooke View Russian Emp. I. 400 This submission [to Russia] took place in the year 1654 under the hetman Bogdan Chmelnitzki. Ibid. 403 The insignia of the hetman are, the truncheon, the national standard, the horse-tail, kettle-drums, and the national signet. 1818Byron Mazeppa iii, The Ukraine's hetman, calm and bold. 1837Penny Cycl. VIII. 79/1 In 1592, Stephen Bathory, the king of [Poland]..appointed an Attaman or Hetman as chief over them [Cossacks]. 1894Daily News 23 Oct. 5/3 The Czar's Body Regiment of Cossacks..received a congratulatory telegram from the Czar..‘I drink with your hetman (the Cezarewitch) the health of the regiment’.
Hence ˈhetmanate, ˈhetmanship.
1879Encycl. Brit. X. 6/1 During the hetmanate it had fortifications of which traces are still extant. 1881Athenæum 30 July 147/1 Kostomarof..has completed an extensive monograph upon the Hetmanship of Mazeppa. |
