| 释义 |
calorie Physics.|ˈkælərɪ|
Also calory.
[a. mod.F. calorie, arbitrarily f. L. calor heat.]
A unit of heat or energy based on the specific heat of water; esp. a. The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogramme of water 1 degree centigrade; also used as a measure of the heat- or energy-producing value of food or for a quantity of food having this value; more fully great calorie, kilogramme calorie, large calorie or major calorie; also called kilocalorie. b. The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gramme of water 1 degree centigrade (see quot. 1963); more fully: gramme calorie, lesser calorie or small calorie. Also attrib.
The example in quot. 1821 corresponds in both sense and chronology to caloric, and is prob. due to a misreading or a misprint; the word has not been found in French before 1833 and was not in general English use before c1880.
[1821M. Wilmot Let. 21 June (1935) 116, I am writing to you, wrapped up in my rug cloak, with fur lined shoes to keep in an atom of calorie.] 1863E. Atkinson tr. Ganot's Elem. Treat. Physics iv. viii. 279 The unit chosen for comparison, and called the thermal unit, is not everywhere the same. In France it is the quantity of heat necessary to raise the temperature of one kilogramme of water through one degree centigrade: this is called a caloric [corrected to calorie in ed. 2 (1866)]. 1870T. L. Phipson tr. Guillemin's Sun 37 The quantity of heat which is called a calorie is..the amount required to raise 1 kilogramme of water 1° centigrade..In England the..calorie is sometimes stated to be the quantity required to raise 1 lb. of water from 60° to 61° Fahr., the equivalent of which in work is 722 foot-pounds. 1880Nature XXI. 437 The amount of heat received from the sun is about twelve calories, per square metre, per minute. 1889M. Foster Text-bk. Physiol. (ed. 5) ii. 802 The following results expressed in calories, that is in gramme-degree units of heat. 1892Pall Mall Gaz. 22 June 6/1 A pound of beefsteak contains..870 calories of energy. 1926Public Opinion 13 Aug. 156/3 When the customary measure of calory value is applied to cake and bread, it is found that there is very little difference between these two staple foods. 1951Wodehouse Old Reliable i. 9 A large, stout, elderly gentleman..who looked like a Roman Emperor who had been doing himself too well on starchy foods and forgetting to watch his calories. 1957J. I. M. Stewart Use of Riches 114 He had to admire an energy that didn't seem very substantially based on an intake of calories. 1963Jerrard & McNeill Dict. Scientific Units 29 The energy represented by a calorie varies according to the temperature of the water, thus there was the International steam calorie (4·1868 joules), the 15° C calorie (4·1855 joules), the 4° C calorie (4·2045 joules), and the mean 0–100° C calorie (4·1897 joules). These differences were overcome when the calorie was replaced by the joule as the primary unit of heat in the metric system in 1950. |
